A Critical Review on Prospects of Bio-refinery Products from Second and Third Generation Biomasses

Over the last several decades, concerns about climate change and pollution due to human activity has gained widespread attention. Microalgae have been proposed as a suitable biological platform to reduce carbon dioxide, a major greenhouse gas, while also creating commercial sources of high-value compounds such as medicines, cosmetics, food, feed, and biofuel. Industrialization of microalgae culture and valorization is still limited by significant challenges in scaling up the production processes due to economic constraints and productivity capacities. Therefore, a boost in resource usage efficiency is required. This enhancement not only lowers manufacturing costs but also enhancing the long-term viability of microalgae-based products. Using wastewater as a nutrient source is a great way to reduce manufacturing costs. Furthermore, water scarcity is one of the most important global challenges. In recent decades, industrialization, globalization, and population growth have all impacted freshwater resources. Moreover, high amounts of organic and inorganic toxins in the water due to the disposal of waste into rivers can have severe impacts on human and animal health. Microalgae cultures are a sustainable solution to tertiary and quaternary treatments since they have the ability to digest complex contaminants. This review presents biorefineries based on microalgae from all angles, including the potential for environmental pollution remediation as well as applications for bioenergy and value-added biomolecule production. An overview of current information about microalgae-based technology and a discussion of the associated hazards and opportunities for the bioeconomy are highlighted. Graphical Abstract Long non coding RNAs regulate the cerebrovascular endothelial processes

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Microalgae-based wastewater treatment for developing economic and environmental sustainability: Current status and future prospects

Potential use of algae for the bioremediation of different types of wastewater and contaminants: Production of bioproducts and biofuel for green circular economy.

Production of plastic waste has been increasing on a global scale, resulting in an elevation in plastic waste pollution. There is a critical need to develop novel methods to scale down plastic waste pollution. Recycling the plastic scraps alone is not a complete solution for the rising problem. A key component of sustainability is reducing the use of plastics made from fossil fuels. Bio-based plastics are becoming more popular as a substitute for fossil-based polymers on the market. Researchers 

Bioplastic Production from Microalgae and Applications: A Review

Traditional and local agriculture relied on circular sustainability models; however, contemporary agriculture presently generates tonnes of garbage that are piled up in landfills and have unfavourable effects rather than being reintroduced into the production chain for a future use. However, these agricultural waste products are a rich source of bioactive substances. One of the main goals of both industrialised and developing nations is waste recycling. The biorefineries stand out as the most ideal business platform to create the essential chemical changes in relation to lignin valorisation and the circular economy. Further, the generation of effective products from such wastes has led to the development of novel technologies. Nanobiotechnology is an important and modern tool to valorise the agricultural residues by using nanoparticles to produce a value-added product. Also, nanomaterials can be generated using agro residues (cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), rice husk-derived Si nanomaterials). This chapter discusses the potential sources of biomass for valorisation into different bio-commodities ranging from fuel to biopolymer application. Also, this chapter deals with the advancements in the valorisation process in terms of nanotechnology along with the challenges and future prospects. 

Recent Advancements in Agricultural Residue Valorisation into Bio-Products

For sustainability assessment of algal biodiesel production, life cycle analysis (LCA) offers a quantitative measure. In this chapter, various literature available on LCA studies of algae biodiesel production are evaluated, depicting that some comprehensive studies compiling various techniques. LCA outputs are dependent on various inputs such as the algae species, bioreactor type, and biochemical reaction conditions. Nevertheless, the paucity in the systematic framework for LCA in the biofuel production process also affected the LCA outputs. In addition, the system boundaries, temporal units, choice of allocation, land utilization, and biogenic carbon source have to be redefined; along with the other unconsidered variables (till now) such as infrastructure construction, systematic maintenance, transportation, waste management, and process intensification, and the overall cost involved should also be included in the LCA method. This chapter covers an inclusive and critical overview of the LCA and techno-economic and policy analyses for the complete algal biodiesel procedure that can assist in future-related studies.

Brajesh Singh

Papers

Life cycle assessment and techno-economic analysis of algae-derived biodiesel: current challenges and future prospects