https://rss.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.2517-6161.1977.tb01600.x

Maximum likelihood from incomplete data via the EM algorithm

THE DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTS. By Oscar Kempthorne. New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1952. 631 pp. $8.50. This book by a teacher of statistics (as well as a consultant for \"experimenters\") is a comprehensive study of the philosophical background for the statistical design of experiment. It is necessary to have some facility with algebraic notation and manipulation to be able to use the volume intelligently. The problems are presented from the theoretical point of view, without such practical examples as would be helpful for those not acquainted with mathematics. The mathematical justification for the techniques is given. As a somewhat advanced treatment of the design and analysis of experiments, this volume will be interesting and helpful for many who approach statistics theoretically as well as practically. With emphasis on the \"why,\" and with description given broadly, the author relates the subject matter to the general theory of statistics and to the general problem of experimental inference. MARGARET J. ROBERTSON

The Design and Analysis of Experiments

Statistics for Spatial Data.

Free radicals, metals and antioxidants in oxidative stress-induced cancer

bevacizumab, as compared with 10.3 months in the chemotherapy-alone group (hazard ratio for death, 0.79; P = 0.003). The median progression-free survival in the two groups was 6.2 and 4.5 months, respectively (hazard ratio for disease progression, 0.66; P<0.001), with corresponding response rates of 35% and 15% (P<0.001). Rates of clinically significant bleeding were 4.4% and 0.7%, respectively (P<0.001). There were 15 treatment-related deaths in the chemotherapy-plus-bevacizumab group, including 5 from pulmonary hemorrhage. Conclusions The addition of bevacizumab to paclitaxel plus carboplatin in the treatment of selected patients with non–small-cell lung cancer has a significant survival benefit with the risk of increased treatment-related deaths. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00021060.)

/pdf/paclitaxel-carboplatin-alone-or-with-bevacizumab-for-non-4d5hxp2t6m.pdf

Paclitaxel-carboplatin alone or with bevacizumab for non-small-cell lung cancer

SUMMARY We consider the construction of ecient group sequential designs where the goal is a low expected sample size not only at the null hypothesis and the alternative (taken to be the minimal clinically meaningful eect size), but also at more optimistic anticipated eect sizes. Pre-specified Type I error rate and power requirements can be achieved both by standard group sequential tests and by more recently proposed adaptive procedures. We investigate four nested classes of designs: (A) Group sequential tests with equal group sizes and stopping boundaries determined by a monomial error spending function (the “‰-family”); (B) As A but the initial group size is allowed to be dierent from the others; (C) Group sequential tests with arbitrary group sizes and arbitrary boundaries, fixed in advance; (D) Adaptive tests — as C but at each analysis, future group sizes and critical values are updated depending on the current value of the test statistic. By examining the performance of optimal procedures within each class, we conclude that class B provides simple and ecient designs with eciency close to that of the more complex designs of classes C and D. We provide tables and figures illustrating the performances of optimal designs within each class and defining the optimal procedures of classes A and B. Copyright c ∞ 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

sizes under consideration

This paper describes a method for constructing confidence intervals for a binomial parameter upon termination of a sequential or multistage test. Tables are presented for use with the MIL-STD 105D multiple sampling plans for acceptance sampling. Also given are tables for use with some three-stage schemes that have been proposed in connection with biomedical trials. The results are compared with confidence intervals calculated as if the sampling plan had been one with a fixed sample size.

https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/1267726.pdf

Confidence Intervals for a Binomial Parameter Following a Multistage Test With Application to MIL-STD 105D and

Selenium supplementation and cancer rates. authors' reply

In this paper we describe the so-called “indirect” method of inference, originally developed from the econometric literature, and apply it to survival analyses of two data sets with repeated events. This method is often more convenient computationally than maximum likelihood estimation when handling such model complexities as random effects and measurement error, for example; and it can also serve as a basis for robust inference with less stringent assumptions on the data generating mechanism. The first data set concerns recurrence times of mammary tumors in rats and is modeled using a Poisson process model with covariates and frailties. The second data set involves times of recurrences of skin tumors in individual patients in a clinical trial. The methodology is applied in both parametric and semi-parametric regression analyses to accommodate random effects and covariate measurement error. MSC: 62N01, 62N02, 62P10

/pdf/indirect-inference-for-survival-data-1kki99o1ic.pdf

Indirect inference for survival data

A total of 480 guinea pigs each received twice weekly intrarectal instillations of 1 mg N-nitroso-N-methylurea (NMU) during 14-35 weeks (total dose NMU, 28-70 mg) to induce colon neoplasms. At 24, 28, or 35 weeks after the start of NMU instillation, the distal colon was exposed by a ventral laparotomy and suspected neoplastic lesions were treated by one of four methods: A, intratumoral instillation of an emulsion of killed BCG cell walls attached to oil droplets; B, intratumoral instillation of a control emulsion of killed BCG cell walls in an aqueous phase rather than lipid phase; C, surgical excision of the colon lesion with formation of a ventral diverting colostomy; or D, sham operation (no treatment). All guinea pigs were allowed to recover from surgery and were then observed for a period of 1 year for the study of the effects of these treatments on NMU-induced colon neoplasms. Colon neoplasms were produced in 76% of all sham-operated control guinea pigs, and the frequency of such neoplasms was dependent on the total dose of NMU. Most neoplasms were adenocarcinomas with invasion of the bowel wall but only approximately 5% of them metastasized. Treatment with BCG failed to alter the course of NMU-induced colon carcinogenesis, as determined by the frequency of colon neoplasia, the number, the gross, or microscopic characteristics of colon neoplasms, or the rate of survival.

Bruce W. Turnbull

Papers

sizes under consideration

Confidence Intervals for a Binomial Parameter Following a Multistage Test With Application to MIL-STD 105D and

Selenium supplementation and cancer rates. authors' reply

Indirect inference for survival data

Effect of BCG Immunotherapy on N-Nitroso-N-methylurea-Induced Carcinogenesis of Guinea Pig Colon