http://xoomer.virgilio.it/lusebra/NuoviFile/PrevenzioneTVP.pdf

Prevention of venous thromboembolism

Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease (Lower Extremity, Renal, Mesenteric, and Abdominal Aortic) A Collaborative Report from the American Association for Vascular Surgery/Society for Vascular Surgery,* Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society for Vascular Medicine and Biology, Society of Interventional Radiology, and the ACC/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease) Endorsed by the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; Society for Vascular Nursing; TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus; and Vascular Disease Foundation

/pdf/acc-aha-2005-practice-guidelines-for-the-management-of-4ltfid6e9i.pdf

ACC/AHA 2005 Practice Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease (Lower Extremity, Renal, Mesenteric, and Abdominal Aortic)

Prevention of Venous Thromboembolism : The Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy

Haemostatic function and ischaemic heart disease: principal results of the northwick park heart study

During the tenth biennial examination of the Framingham Study, 1315 participants who were free of cardiovascular disease had fibrinogen levels measured. During the ensuing 12 years, cardiovascular disease developed in 165 men and 147 women. For both sexes, the risk of cardiovascular disease was correlated positively to antecedent fibrinogen values higher than the 1.3 to 7.0 g/L (126 to 696 mg/dL) range. The magnitude of the risk diminished with advancing age in women but not in men. Risk for coronary heart disease also was significantly related to fibrinogen level. Here, the magnitude of risk displayed diminishing impact with age, again only in women. Risk of stroke increased progressively with fibrinogen level in men but not in women. The impact of fibrinogen value, considered as a separate variable, on cardiovascular disease was comparable with the major risk factors, such as blood pressure, hematocrit, adiposity, cigarette smoking, and diabetes. Fibrinogen values were also significantly related to these risk factors. Taking all these into account in a multivariate analysis, fibrinogen level was still significantly related to the incidence of cardiovascular disease in men and marginally significant in women. For coronary heart disease, the fibrinogen level was significant for both men and women. Elevated fibrinogen level is a predictor of cardiovascular disease that should be added to the cardiovascular risk factor profile. ( JAMA 1987;258:1183-1186)

https://jamanetwork.com/HttpHandlers/ArticlePdfHandler.ashx?journal=jama&articleId=367933&pdfFileName=jama_258_9_035.pdf

Fibrinogen and risk of cardiovascular disease. The Framingham Study.

Blood viscosity (shear rate 100/s) and its major determinants (packed cell volume, plasma fibrinogen concentration, and plasma viscosity) were measured before coronary angiography in 50 men aged 30-55 and related to the extent of coronary artery disease. Twenty-six men had extensive disease (stenosis of two or three major coronary vessels), and 24 had either stenosis of one vessel or no stenosis. The 26 men with extensive disease had significantly higher mean blood viscosity than those with mild or no disease and 25 healthy controls (p less than 0.001). The increased viscosity was due partly to a higher packed cell volume and partly to a higher fibrinogen concentration; plasma viscosity was not significantly increased. These differences could not be explained by smoking history. These results suggest an association between increased blood viscosity and extensive coronary artery disease in men, which merits further investigation.

https://www.bmj.com/content/bmj/280/6215/673.full.pdf

Relation between extent of coronary artery disease and blood viscosity.

There is an increased frequency of arterial thrombosis in cigarette smokers. The changes in blood coagulation seen in these subjects have been studied by many workers but results have not always been in agreement. We wished to study the effects of acute smoking on platelet behaviour, fibrinolysis and haemorheology in ten habitual smokers, and to compare these results with non-smoking controls. Results show that the smoking group had higher plasma fibrinogen (p less than 0.04), lower plasminogen (p less than 0.02) and plasminogen activator (p less than 0.05), and higher plasma viscosity (p less than 0.003). The changes seen in cigarette smokers after smoking three cigarettes were an increase in the rate of platelet aggregation to ADP (p less than 0.02), an increase in alpha 2M, (p less than 0.02), and factor VIII RAG (p less than 0.05). Plasma viscosity was decreased (p less than 0.02) as was red cell deformability (p less than 0.02). We confirm an increased tendency to hypercoagulability in smokers compared to controls which becomes more pronounced immediately after smoking three cigarettes.

C.D. Forbes

Papers

Relation between extent of coronary artery disease and blood viscosity.

The effects of acute smoking on platelet behaviour, fibrinolysis and haemorheology in habitual smokers.

EPOPROSTENOL (PROSTACYCLIN) AND SEVERE ARTERIAL DISEASE: A Double-blind Trial

Increased blood viscosity and fibrinolytic inhibitor in type ii hyperlipoproteinaemia

Htlv-iii seropositivity in european haemophiliacs exposed to factor viii concentrate imported from the usa