Several simplified design procedures for solar energy systems require monthly average meteorological data. Monthly average daily totals of the solar radiation incident on a horizontal surface are available. However, radiation data on tilted surfaces, required by the design procedures, are generally not available. A simple method of estimating the average daily radiation for each calendar month on surfaces facing directly towards the equator has been presented by Liu and Jordan [1]. This method is verified with experimental measurements and extended to allow calculation of monthly average radiation on surfaces of a wide range of orientations.

Calculation of monthly average insolation on tilted surfaces

Turbulent skin friction and heat transfer prediction on flat plates and wind tunnel walls at supersonic and hypersonic Mach numbers, using Van Driest theory

An evaluation of theories for predicting turbulent skin friction and heat transfer on flat plates at supersonic and hypersonic Mach numbers

Models describing the transient behavior of phase-change energy storage (PCES) units are presented. Simulation techniques are used in conjunction with these models to determine the performance of solar heating systems utilizing PCES. Both air-based and liquid-based systems are investigated. The effects of storage capacity, storage unit heat transfer characteristics, collector area and location on the system performance are investigated for systems utilizing sodium sulfate decahydrate and paraffin wax as storage media. Optimum ranges of storage sizes are recommended on the basis of systems' thermal performance. Comparison is made between systems utilizing PCES and those using sensible heat storage, viz. rock beds in air-based systems and water tanks in liquid-based systems. The variation of the solar supplied fraction of load with storage size and collector area is given for systems utilizing both types of storage. The effects of location and collector energy loss coefficient on the relative performance of PCES and sensible heat storage are also investigated.

Effects of phase-change energy storage on the performance of air-based and liquid-based solar heating systems

Supersonic separation technology is a new approach to condense and separate water, heavy hydrocarbons and other impurities from natural gas. This paper reviews the research advances in condensation characteristics of the Laval nozzle and separation mechanism of the supersonic separator in detail from the perspectives of theoretical analysis, experiments and numerical simulation, and summarizes the new application of this technology including natural gas liquefaction and removal of the acid gases. This review points out that while several aspects of this technology have been well studied, there still exist several issues in the practice. The further research topics are clarified to promote future applications such as the model modification of gas spontaneous nucleation rate to improve the prediction accuracy, and the combination the molecular dynamics technology with interface mechanics theory to study the collision and coalescence of the droplets and the interaction between gas and droplets under supersonic conditions.

Supersonic separation technology for natural gas processing: A review

A general survey is presented of solar radiation measurement, the techniques and instrumentation. The importance of determining the total and spectral irradiance of the Sun is examined in the context of the energy crisis and utilization of solar energy. The survey includes the extraterrestrial solar fluxes, their possible variations, problems relating to energy received by collecting surfaces on the ground, major types of instrumentation and the radiation scales to which the measurements are referred. The type of insolation data available from the National Weather Service of NOAA and from other sources is reviewed. Alternate techniques of deriving insolation data with high space time resolution are discussed with reference to solar energy conversion requirements. Energy received on the ground can be computed from known values of the extraterrestrial solar spectrum and of the spectral absorption parameters of the atmosphere. Another technique is based on measurements made by meteorological satellites of the cloud-cover and of the solar energy reflected and scattered back to space by the Earth-atmosphere system.

Solar radiation measurement: techniques and instrumentation

Heat transfer—a review of 1976 literature

Heat transfer—A review of 1969 literature

The effects of swirl on the rate of mass flow and on the velocity field in the throat region of axi-symmetric nozzles are studied analytically and experimentally. In the analytical phase, methods are developed for treating either the direct or the inverse problem for flow in de Lavai and annular nozzles, taking account of either weak or strong swirl. The experiments were performed in an annular nozzle, with swirl being imparted to the flow by adjustable vanes situated upstream of the test section.

C.J. Scott

Papers

Heat transfer—a review of 1976 literature

Heat transfer—A review of 1969 literature

Compressible swirling flow through convergent-divergent nozzles

Heat transfer—A review of 1977 literature

Heat transfer—A review of 1972 literature