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Case Study Research Principles And Practices

Turbulence in world politics: a theory of change and continuity

Conflict Unending: India-Pakistan Tensions since 1947:

How does Turkey's Presidency of Religious Affairs (Diyanet) act as an instrument of foreign policy (FP)? What are the factors that allow such an instrumentalization of Islam in Turkish FP? In addressing these questions, this paper uses semi-structured expert interviews from Bulgaria and the Netherlands. Although both countries host a sizeable Muslim minority, these populations differ in their characteristics and historical ties with Turkey. Comparing Diyanet’s role in the Netherlands with its recent Turkish-Muslim diaspora, and in Bulgaria with its centuries-old Muslim minority allows us to reveal variation in the practical engagement strategies that Diyanet adopts in different country contexts. Thus, this paper advances two main claims; first, Diyanet serves as a primary FP tool of Turkey in countries with a significant Turkish-Muslim minority. Secondly, this instrumentalization destabilizes secularization projects both at home and abroad.

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Diyanet as a Turkish foreign policy tool: evidence from the Netherlands and Bulgaria

Terrorism and Political Violence in Spain

Ethnic conflicts with a strong religious component do not have merely domestic or foreign causes and consequences. As a result, internationalization of ethnic conflict has become an important subject of inquiry both in terms of pure research and policy-oriented studies. This article presents a case study of Indian-Pakistani relations over Kashmir, used to evaluate the role of religion and the explanatory power of the approach presented here. The aim of the study is to apply a foreign policy approach that simultaneously incorporates domestic and external factors in an analysis of how and in what ways religious elements of the Kashmir question affect India's foreign policy. The approach, an application of “systemism,” contributes to current developments in the realist school of international relations through its emphasis on the need to look at both international and state levels in combination. Earlier applications of realism, as both neotraditional and structural realism clearly demonstrate, tend...

http://ozgur.bilkent.edu.tr/download/05Religion%20as%20a%20Factor%20in%20Ethnic%20Conflict%20Kashmir.pdf

Religion as a Factor in Ethnic Conflict: Kashmir and Indian Foreign Policy

Studies of foreign policy are as eclectic as the states in the global system. This paper attempts to provide a framework to facilitate the comparative study of foreign policy. Based on the original model by McGowan and Shapiro (1973), the expanded model here reflects advances in the understanding of the global system as well as the increased internationalization of domestic actors and events. The model will be illustrated by an analysis of Turkish foreign policy with Syria influenced by Turkey's own Kurdish citizenry.

The first section of the study begins by presenting a particular ontological approach—a system-oriented model that facilitates understanding of the connection between domestic, or micro, variables and external, or macro, variables. Based on Bunge's (1996) concept of comprehensive “systemism”, the model facilitates incorporation of both international and domestic variables. The second part of the section presents a foreign policy model that meets the standards set by a system-oriented approach. This approach is increasingly relevant, as traditionally internal disturbances, such as ethnic conflicts, become internationalized. The second section of the paper presents Turkish-Syrian relations concerning the Kurds to illustrate the potential of the model and its variables. In the third section, this case is used to evaluate the explanatory power of the model. The conclusion provides overall generalizations and implications for further research and policy.

We have chosen to illustrate the model by exploring the relationship between Turkey's Kurdish citizenry with Turkish-Syrian foreign policy. As will be shown, internal relations between Turkish-Kurds and the national government in Ankara have had a direct influence on the relationship between Turkey and Syria. Both states have, at times, centered their foreign policy decisions on this sometimes violent issue.

### Systemism

Internationalization of domestic events has become a focus of foreign policy analysis studies. Ethnic conflicts provide numerous examples of this phenomenon (Carment …

Modeling Foreign Policy and Ethnic Conflict: Turkey’s Policies Towards Syria

. Poliheuristic theory (PH) is an innovative attempt to conceptualize decision making in a way that recognizes patterns deriving from both cognitive and rational schools of thought about how foreign policy is made. Crisis decision making, a setting in which the political aspects emphasized by PH can be expected to operate, is the subject of this article. The study focuses on Turkey and China, two important states that frequently are characterized as sui generis and possibly unsuited to comparative analysis in the context of any overarching theory. As will become apparent, PH is capable of explaining crisis decision making for China and Turkey and the common pattern we explore is perhaps only the tip of the iceberg when it comes to cross-national application of the theory within the crisis domain.Resume. La theorie poliheuristique (PH) est une tentative novatrice de concevoir la prise de decision en reconnaissant l'apport des modes de comportement issus des ecoles de pensee cognitive et rationnelle. Cet article porte sur la politique etrangere en temps de crise et offre un cadre politique au sein duquel les modes de comportement identifies par la theorie poliheuristique devraient normalement operer. Plus particulierement, l'etude se concentre sur le cas de la Chine et de la Turquie, deux Etats souvent consideres comme singuliers et possiblement inadaptes a l'analyse theorique de la politique etrangere comparee. Toutefois, comme cet article le demontre, la PH est en mesure d'expliquer de maniere comparee la prise de decision de la Chine et de la Turquie en temps de crise. Les conclusions de recherche laissent penser que cette etude pourrait bien etre le prelude de nombreuses recherches employant la PH dans le domaine de la politique etrangere comparee en temps de crise.

Poliheuristic Theory and Crisis Decision Making: A Comparative Analysis of Turkey with China

While a study of Canada/United States (Can/Am) relations in the Arctic might hold intrinsic interest, why should it be a priority? What follows is the first attempt to appraise the evolution of Can/Am relations in the far north within the context of combined analytical frameworks from International Relations (IR). This investigation of Canada, the US and Arctic sovereignty proceeds in the following stages. The first task is to introduce outlooks on security policy derived from IR—realism, liberalism, constructivism and domestic politics—that will be used to account for development of Can/Am relations in the Arctic. This stage is followed by a necessarily brief review of Arctic history, with greater attention to the period from Confederation onward. Assessment of those events in the context of the outlooks derived from IR is carried out in the next stage. The final stage of this study is a conclusion that reviews accomplishments and suggests directions for further research.

Canada, the United States and Arctic Sovereignty: Architecture Without Building?

This work expands on the concept of “systemism,” which is a basic framework that can help in thinking more broadly about world affairs. Rather than theorizing strictly at the level of the system or its components, systemism (not to be confused with David Easton’s [1953. The Political System: An Inquiry into the State of Political Science. New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf] “systems theory”) allows for linkages operating at multiple levels of analysis—at the macro- and micro-levels.

Carolyn C. James

Papers

Religion as a Factor in Ethnic Conflict: Kashmir and Indian Foreign Policy

Modeling Foreign Policy and Ethnic Conflict: Turkey’s Policies Towards Syria

Poliheuristic Theory and Crisis Decision Making: A Comparative Analysis of Turkey with China

Canada, the United States and Arctic Sovereignty: Architecture Without Building?

Systemism and Foreign Policy Analysis: A New Approach to the Study of International Conflict