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Using Multivariate Statistics

国際生活機能分類(International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health: ICF)にみた福祉・保健・医療の専門職協働における連携に関する貢献と課題

Gait Analysis. An Introduction

The mechanical properties of skin are important for a number of applications including surgery, dermatology, impact biomechanics and forensic science. In this study, we have investigated the influence of location and orientation on the deformation characteristics of 56 samples of excised human skin. Uniaxial tensile tests were carried out at a strain rate of 0.012 s(-1) on skin from the back. Digital Image Correlation was used for 2D strain measurement and a histological examination of the dermis was also performed. The mean ultimate tensile strength (UTS) was 21.6±8.4 MPa, the mean failure strain 54%±17%, the mean initial slope 1.18±0.88 MPa, the mean elastic modulus 83.3±34.9 MPa and the mean strain energy was 3.6±1.6 MJ/m(3). A multivariate analysis of variance has shown that these mechanical properties of skin are dependent upon the orientation of the Langer lines (P<0.0001-P=0.046). The location of specimens on the back was also found to have a significant effect on the UTS (P=0.0002), the elastic modulus (P=0.001) and the strain energy (P=0.0052). The histological investigation concluded that there is a definite correlation between the orientation of the Langer lines and the preferred orientation of collagen fibres in the dermis (P<0.001). The data obtained in this study will provide essential information for those wishing to model the skin using a structural constitutive model.

https://researchrepository.ucd.ie/bitstream/10197/4616/2/Repos%20-%20not-%20commented2%20done.pdf

Characterization of the anisotropic mechanical properties of excised human skin

Systematic accuracy and precision analysis of video motion capturing systems—exemplified on the Vicon-460 system

The mechanical properties of the skin are important in many applications, but are not well understood. This paper presents a method for measuring the mechanical properties of human skin in vivo using digital image correlation, with a finite element model that was used to optimize the material properties to obtain the best match with the model data. The skin was modelled as an Ogden hyperelastic membrane, with a tension field wrinkling model and an initial stretch identified as an additional material parameter, and the boundary conditions were the measured load and the displacements around the edge of the region of interest. Fast, reliable convergence was obtained using a Hager–Zhang non-linear conjugate gradient solver. A stochastic optimization procedure was used to identify the material parameters.
Good estimates of the material parameters could be obtained from the displacement field at a single time point. Typical material parameters were μ = 10 Pa, α = 26, and an initial strain of 0.2. These parameters were not unique; the stochastic optimization procedure gave good global convergence and an indication of the overall uncertainty in the identification of the results. It is argued that the use of the DIC technique, which generates very large amounts of data, also gave a clearer picture of the overall uncertainty.

Measuring the mechanical properties of human skin in vivo using digital image correlation and finite element modelling

Digital image correlation and finite element modelling as a method to determine mechanical properties of human soft tissue in vivo

Dynamics of stab wounds: force required for penetration of various cadaveric human tissues.

The dart thrower’s motion is a wrist rotation along an oblique plane from radial extension to ulnar flexion. We report an in-vivo study to confirm the use of the dart thrower’s motion during activities of daily living. Global wrist motion in ten volunteers was recorded using a three-dimensional optoelectronic motion capture system, in which digital infra-red cameras track the movement of retro-reflective marker clusters. Global wrist motion has been approximated to the dart thrower’s motion when hammering a nail, throwing a ball, drinking from a glass, pouring from a jug and twisting the lid of a jar, but not when combing hair or manipulating buttons. The dart thrower’s motion is the plane of global wrist motion used during most activities of daily living. Arthrodesis of the radiocarpal joint instead of the midcarpal joint will allow better wrist function during most activities of daily living by preserving the dart thrower’s motion.

In-vivo confirmation of the use of the dart thrower’s motion during activities of daily living:

The accuracy of partial weightbearing was assessed in six healthy volunteers and 23 patients who had sustained either a fracture of a lower limb or surgery. They were trained to weightbear partially using the conventional bathroom scale method and were assessed in a gait laboratory using force platforms. The amount of weight exerted on the involved limb during three-point crutch walking was determined. Four of six volunteers exerted a mean of 27% of body weight more than required. The remaining two volunteers exerted a mean of 8.5% of body weight less than required. Of the 23 patients, 21 exerted a mean of 35.3% of body weight more than that prescribed and two patients exerted a mean of 11.97% of body weight less than that prescribed. In both groups there was little relationship between the weightbearing prescribed and actual weightbearing. None of the patients or volunteers was able to reproduce the extent of partial weightbearing for which they were trained using the bathroom scale method, confirming that this technique of instructing patients in partial weightbearing is inaccurate.

Catherine Avril Holt

Papers

Measuring the mechanical properties of human skin in vivo using digital image correlation and finite element modelling

Digital image correlation and finite element modelling as a method to determine mechanical properties of human soft tissue in vivo

Dynamics of stab wounds: force required for penetration of various cadaveric human tissues.

In-vivo confirmation of the use of the dart thrower’s motion during activities of daily living:

How accurate is partial weightbearing