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Modern Applied Statistics With S

The terms 'antioxidant', 'oxidative stress' and 'oxidative damage' are widely used but rarely defined. This brief review attempts to define them and to examine the ways in which oxidative stress and oxidative damage can affect cell behaviour both in vivo and in cell culture, using cancer as an example.

Biochemistry of oxidative stress

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The principal objections to the proposition that organic agriculture can contribute significantly to the global food supply are low yields and insufficient quantities of organically acceptable fertilizers. We evaluated the universality of both claims. For the first claim, we compared yields of organic versus conventional or low-intensive food production for a global dataset of 293 examples and estimated the average yield ratio (organic:non-organic) of different food categories for the developed and the developing world. For most food categories, the average yield ratio was slightly 1.0 for studies in the developing world. With the average yield ratios, we modeled the global food supply that could be grown organically on the current agricultural land base. Model estimates indicate that organic methods could produce enough food on a global per capita basis to sustain the current human population, and potentially an even larger population, without increasing the agricultural land base. We also evaluated the amount of nitrogen potentially available from fixation by leguminous cover crops used as fertilizer. Data from temperate and tropical agroecosystems suggest that leguminous cover crops could fix enough nitrogen to replace the amount of synthetic fertilizer currently in use. These results indicate that organic agriculture has the potential to contribute quite substantially to the global food supply, while reducing the detrimental environmental impacts of conventional agriculture. Evaluation and review of this paper have raised important issues about crop rotations under organic versus conventional agriculture and the reliability of grey-literature sources. An ongoing dialogue on these subjects can be found in the Forum editorial of this issue.

/pdf/organic-agriculture-and-the-global-food-supply-6efqtl9gpm.pdf

Organic agriculture and the global food supply

Sustainability assessment is being increasingly viewed as an important tool to aid in the shift towards sustainability. However, this is a new and evolving concept and there remain very few examples of effective sustainability assessment processes implemented anywhere in the world. Sustainability assessment is often described as a process by which the implications of an initiative on sustainability are evaluated, where the initiative can be a proposed or existing policy, plan, programme, project, piece of legislation, or a current practice or activity. However, this generic definition covers a broad range of different processes, many of which have been described in the literature as 'sustainability assessment'. This article seeks to provide some clarification by reflecting on the different approaches described in the literature as being forms of sustainability assessment, and evaluating them in terms of their potential contributions to sustainability. Many of these are actually examples of 'integrated assessment', derived from environmental impact assessment (EIA) and strategic environmental assessment (SEA), but which have been extended to incorporate social and economic considerations as well as environmental ones, reflecting a 'triple bottom line' (TBL) approach to sustainability. These integrated assessment processes typically either seek to minimise 'unsustainability', or to achieve TBL objectives. Both aims may, or may not, result in sustainable practice. We present an alternative conception of sustainability assessment, with the more ambitious aim of seeking to determine whether or not an initiative is actually sustainable. We term such processes 'assessment for sustainability'. 'Assessment for sustainability' firstly requires that the concept of sustainability be well-defined. The article compares TBL approaches and principles-based approaches to developing such sustainability criteria, concluding that the latter are more appropriate, since they avoid many of the inherent limitations of the triple-bottom-line as a conception of sustainability.

Conceptualising sustainability assessment

Effet de la disponibilité du pâturage sur le state oxydatif et sur le profil d'acides grasses de la viande de lapin. Mem. 12émes Journées de la Recherche Cunicole.

In rabbits, the number of inseminated spermatozoa plays an important role in the fertility rate obtained after artificial insemination. However, methods for the correct determination of spermatozoa number are scarce. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a spectrophotometric method for the measurement of spermatozoa concentration corrected by the seminal particle/spermatozoa ratio. For this purpose 360 ejaculates were collected from 36 rabbit bucks. The semen samples were divided into three groups based on their particle/spermatozoa ratio subjectively determined by microscopic viewing. The spermatozoa concentration of each semen sample was evaluated by spectrophotometer and these results were compared with those obtained by using a haemotocytometer. The results of the standard spectrophotometric method were correlated with the results of the haemotocytometer count of spermatozoa (r=0.76; P<0.01). When the optical density was corrected by considering the P/S ratio, the correlation values greatly improved (r=0.94; P<0.01). The simplicity, rapidity and low cost of this method make it suitable for the routine measurement of spermatozoa concentration of heterospermic pools in rabbit artificial insemination centres.

/pdf/validation-of-a-spectrophometric-method-used-for-the-4ez7khf3z9.pdf

Validation of a spectrophometric method used for the measurement of spermatozoa concentration in rabbit semen

Effet d’une infection intrautérine avec des lipopolysaccharides bactériens (LPS) sur certains aspects de la fonction reproductive de la lapine

Aim of the work was to evaluate and improve the efficiency of an artificial vagina with a short body which permits to collect semen almost directly into the test-tube (with the least contact with the elastic sheath). At the same time, also the test-tube is not in contact with the sheath. Ten adult hybrid bucks were collected during 10 weeks. The experiment consists of 2 successive phases: 1) analysis of microbial flora naturally present in the semen; 2) evaluation of effect of exogenous contamination. Each time, 2 collections were done, using alternatively the prototype and the standard vagina (as a control) at intervals of 20 minutes (maximum 5 times). Throughout the experiment data were collected, concerning operational activities (ejaculation time and reduced sheath temperature from 45 to 35 oC), biological quality of semen (volume, sperms concentration, live sperms) and microbial contamination rate (specific and total flora). The results showed that the time employed to collect the semen was not significantly affected by the different models of artificial vagina used. The microbial contamination of the semen collected with the prototype was lower than the other (phase a, b). The number of collections done using the same vagina did not affect biological characteristics of semen whereas increased progressively the microbiological contamination. A reduction of the contamination at the least 40% can be realized when the prototype is used (phase b).

https://polipapers.upv.es/index.php/wrs/article/download/295/282

Study of an artificial vagina to reduce the microbial contamination of rabbit semen

Date palm pollen (DPP) has been widely tested in vitro in preservation of spermatozoa of different farm animals except in rabbits. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of various ...

Cesare Castellini

Papers

Effet de la disponibilité du pâturage sur le state oxydatif et sur le profil d'acides grasses de la viande de lapin. Mem. 12émes Journées de la Recherche Cunicole.

Validation of a spectrophometric method used for the measurement of spermatozoa concentration in rabbit semen

Effet d’une infection intrautérine avec des lipopolysaccharides bactériens (LPS) sur certains aspects de la fonction reproductive de la lapine

Study of an artificial vagina to reduce the microbial contamination of rabbit semen

Impact of Algerian date palm pollen aqueous extract on epididymal and ejaculated rabbit sperm motility during in vitro incubation