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Modern Applied Statistics With S

The terms 'antioxidant', 'oxidative stress' and 'oxidative damage' are widely used but rarely defined. This brief review attempts to define them and to examine the ways in which oxidative stress and oxidative damage can affect cell behaviour both in vivo and in cell culture, using cancer as an example.

Biochemistry of oxidative stress

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The principal objections to the proposition that organic agriculture can contribute significantly to the global food supply are low yields and insufficient quantities of organically acceptable fertilizers. We evaluated the universality of both claims. For the first claim, we compared yields of organic versus conventional or low-intensive food production for a global dataset of 293 examples and estimated the average yield ratio (organic:non-organic) of different food categories for the developed and the developing world. For most food categories, the average yield ratio was slightly 1.0 for studies in the developing world. With the average yield ratios, we modeled the global food supply that could be grown organically on the current agricultural land base. Model estimates indicate that organic methods could produce enough food on a global per capita basis to sustain the current human population, and potentially an even larger population, without increasing the agricultural land base. We also evaluated the amount of nitrogen potentially available from fixation by leguminous cover crops used as fertilizer. Data from temperate and tropical agroecosystems suggest that leguminous cover crops could fix enough nitrogen to replace the amount of synthetic fertilizer currently in use. These results indicate that organic agriculture has the potential to contribute quite substantially to the global food supply, while reducing the detrimental environmental impacts of conventional agriculture. Evaluation and review of this paper have raised important issues about crop rotations under organic versus conventional agriculture and the reliability of grey-literature sources. An ongoing dialogue on these subjects can be found in the Forum editorial of this issue.

/pdf/organic-agriculture-and-the-global-food-supply-6efqtl9gpm.pdf

Organic agriculture and the global food supply

Sustainability assessment is being increasingly viewed as an important tool to aid in the shift towards sustainability. However, this is a new and evolving concept and there remain very few examples of effective sustainability assessment processes implemented anywhere in the world. Sustainability assessment is often described as a process by which the implications of an initiative on sustainability are evaluated, where the initiative can be a proposed or existing policy, plan, programme, project, piece of legislation, or a current practice or activity. However, this generic definition covers a broad range of different processes, many of which have been described in the literature as 'sustainability assessment'. This article seeks to provide some clarification by reflecting on the different approaches described in the literature as being forms of sustainability assessment, and evaluating them in terms of their potential contributions to sustainability. Many of these are actually examples of 'integrated assessment', derived from environmental impact assessment (EIA) and strategic environmental assessment (SEA), but which have been extended to incorporate social and economic considerations as well as environmental ones, reflecting a 'triple bottom line' (TBL) approach to sustainability. These integrated assessment processes typically either seek to minimise 'unsustainability', or to achieve TBL objectives. Both aims may, or may not, result in sustainable practice. We present an alternative conception of sustainability assessment, with the more ambitious aim of seeking to determine whether or not an initiative is actually sustainable. We term such processes 'assessment for sustainability'. 'Assessment for sustainability' firstly requires that the concept of sustainability be well-defined. The article compares TBL approaches and principles-based approaches to developing such sustainability criteria, concluding that the latter are more appropriate, since they avoid many of the inherent limitations of the triple-bottom-line as a conception of sustainability.

Conceptualising sustainability assessment

The different effects of linseed and fish oil supplemented diets on insulin sensitivity of rabbit does during pregnancy.

Effect of post-weaning rhythm on the body fat and performance of rabbit does

This study was carried out to verify the long term effect of Pregnant Mare Serum Gonadotrophin (PMSG) treatments (20 IU three days before the induction of ovulation with GnRH) on the fertility and ovarian response of does artificially inseminated for at least 7 cycles. Twenty-five nulliparous does were submitted to recurring treatments at fixed intervals of 45 days. A total of 175 artificial inseminations were performed. The results confirmed previous observations about the progressive loss of efficacy of the PMSG in inducing pregnancy (from 80.9 to 60.9 %), above ali in does classified as hyper-immune (84 % of animals). The lactation stage negatively influenced the reproductive performance especially in does at the first two treatments (fertilitv rate 53.9 vs 79.2 %; litter size 7.5 vs 8.8; P:o;0.05). These hormonal treatments altered the follicular growth causing a significantly higher number of haemmoragic follicles (1.7 vs 4.9) and also affected the quality of collected embryos (O degenerated embryos vs 4.9).

https://polipapers.upv.es/index.php/wrs/article/download/240/227

Long term effect of pmsg on rabbit does reproductive performance

The genomic variability of local Italian chicken breeds, which were monitored under a conservation plan, was studied using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to understand their genetic diversity and population structure A total of 582 samples from 23 local breeds and four commercial stocks were genotyped using the Affymetrix 600 K Chicken SNP Array In general, the levels of genetic diversity, investigated through different approaches, were lowest in the local chicken breeds compared to those in the commercial stocks The level of genomic inbreeding, based on runs of homozygosity (FROH), was markedly different among the breeds and ranged from 0121 (Valdarnese) to 0607 (Siciliana) In all breeds, short runs of homozygosity (ROH) (<4 Mb in length) were more frequent than long segments The patterns of genetic differentiation, model-based clustering, and neighbor networks showed that most breeds formed non-overlapping clusters and were clearly separate populations, which indicated the presence of gene flow, especially among breeds that originated from the same geographical area Four genomic regions were identified as hotspots of autozygosity (islands) among the breeds, where the candidate genes are involved in morphological traits, such as body weight and feed conversion ratio We conclude that the investigated breeds have conserved authentic genetic patterns, and these results can improve conservation strategies; moreover, the conservation of local breeds may play an important role in the local economy as a source of high-quality products for consumers

https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/10/8/1441/pdf

Cesare Castellini

Papers

The different effects of linseed and fish oil supplemented diets on insulin sensitivity of rabbit does during pregnancy.

Effect of post-weaning rhythm on the body fat and performance of rabbit does

Long term effect of pmsg on rabbit does reproductive performance

Genome-Wide SNP Analysis Reveals the Population Structure and the Conservation Status of 23 Italian Chicken Breeds.

Adaptive response to exercise of fast-growing and slow-growing chicken strains: Blood oxidative status and non-enzymatic antioxidant defense.