This review focuses on the synthesis, protection, functionalization, and application of magnetic nanoparticles, as well as the magnetic properties of nanostructured systems. Substantial progress in the size and shape control of magnetic nanoparticles has been made by developing methods such as co-precipitation, thermal decomposition and/or reduction, micelle synthesis, and hydrothermal synthesis. A major challenge still is protection against corrosion, and therefore suitable protection strategies will be emphasized, for example, surfactant/polymer coating, silica coating and carbon coating of magnetic nanoparticles or embedding them in a matrix/support. Properly protected magnetic nanoparticles can be used as building blocks for the fabrication of various functional systems, and their application in catalysis and biotechnology will be briefly reviewed. Finally, some future trends and perspectives in these research areas will be outlined.

Magnetic nanoparticles: Synthesis, protection, functionalization, and application

1. Introduction 20642. Synthesis of Magnetic Nanoparticles 20662.1. Classical Synthesis by Coprecipitation 20662.2. Reactions in Constrained Environments 20682.3. Hydrothermal and High-TemperatureReactions20692.4. Sol-Gel Reactions 20702.5. Polyol Methods 20712.6. Flow Injection Syntheses 20712.7. Electrochemical Methods 20712.8. Aerosol/Vapor Methods 20712.9. Sonolysis 20723. Stabilization of Magnetic Particles 20723.1. Monomeric Stabilizers 20723.1.1. Carboxylates 20733.1.2. Phosphates 20733.2. Inorganic Materials 20733.2.1. Silica 20733.2.2. Gold 20743.3. Polymer Stabilizers 20743.3.1. Dextran 20743.3.2. Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 20753.3.3. Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) 20753.3.4. Alginate 20753.3.5. Chitosan 20753.3.6. Other Polymers 20753.4. Other Strategies for Stabilization 20764. Methods of Vectorization of the Particles 20765. Structural and Physicochemical Characterization 20785.1. Size, Polydispersity, Shape, and SurfaceCharacterization20795.2. Structure of Ferro- or FerrimagneticNanoparticles20805.2.1. Ferro- and Ferrimagnetic Nanoparticles 20805.3. Use of Nanoparticles as Contrast Agents forMRI20825.3.1. High Anisotropy Model 20845.3.2. Small Crystal and Low Anisotropy EnergyLimit20855.3.3. Practical Interests of Magnetic NuclearRelaxation for the Characterization ofSuperparamagnetic Colloid20855.3.4. Relaxation of Agglomerated Systems 20856. Applications 20866.1. MRI: Cellular Labeling, Molecular Imaging(Inﬂammation, Apoptose, etc.)20866.2.

Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Stabilization, Vectorization, Physicochemical Characterizations, and Biological Applications

Photoinduced reactivity of titanium dioxide

Hollow silica and silica-polymer spheres with diameters between 720 and 1000 nanometers were fabricated by consecutively assembling silica nanoparticles and polymer onto colloids and subsequently removing the templated colloid either by calcination or decomposition upon exposure to solvents. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy images demonstrate that the wall thickness of the hollow spheres can be readily controlled by varying the number of nanoparticle-polymer deposition cycles, and the size and shape are determined by the morphology of the templating colloid. The hollow spheres produced are envisioned to have applications in areas ranging from medicine to pharmaceutics to materials science.

http://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/282/5391/1111.full.pdf

Nanoengineering of Inorganic and Hybrid Hollow Spheres by Colloidal Templating

Gold colloids have been homogeneously coated with silica using the silane coupling agent (3-aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane as a primer to render the gold surface vitreophilic. After the formation of a thin silica layer in aqueous solution, the particles can be transferred into ethanol for further growth using the Stober method. The thickness of the silica layer can be completely controlled, and (after surface modification) the particles can be transferred into practically any solvent. Varying the silica shell thickness and the refractive index of the solvent allows control over the optical properties of the dispersions. The optical spectra of the coated particles are in good agreement with calculations using Mie's theory for core−shell particles.

http://nathan.instras.com/documentDB/paper-29.pdf

Synthesis of Nanosized Gold−Silica Core−Shell Particles

Magnetic silica dispersions: preparation and stability of surface-modified silica particles with a magnetic core

We report a single step procedure to prepare monodisperse colloidal poly(methyl)methacrylate (PMMA) particles where fluorescent dyes are incorporated into the polymer network. The particles are sterically stabilized against flocculation by poly(12-hydroxystearic acid). The fluorescent dyes are RITC (rhodamine isothiocyanate)-aminostyrene (RAS) and 4-methylaminoethylmethacrylate-7-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazol (NBD-MAEM), which are prepared from (commercially available) RITC and 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazol (NBD-Cl), respectively, as starting materials. The particles can be grown larger with nonfluorescent PMMA. Examples of the usefulness of these model particles in colloid science are given.

/pdf/preparation-of-monodisperse-fluorescent-pmma-latex-colloids-35kwzcpd90.pdf

Preparation of monodisperse, fluorescent PMMA-latex colloids by dispersion polymerization.

We report the emulsion polymerization and seeded growth of negatively charged, monodisperse fluorinated latex spheres in water with radii in the range 50−700 nm. Due to their low refractive index (np = 1.3660), the spheres can be index matched in aqueous media, without any complications due to (optical) polydispersity or specific solvent adsorption. Such index-matched dispersions of fluorinated latex allow study of the structure and dynamics of strongly interacting charged colloids in water, using light scattering or microscopy. Moreover, we prepared core−shell particles with fluorinated latex shells and optically anisotropic PFA (tetrafluoroethylene copolymerized with perfluoroalkylvinyl ether) cores. We demonstrate with depolarized light scattering that these cores allow for measurement of rotational self-diffusion. The fluorinated latex dispersions are characterized extensively using light scattering, electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and electrophoresis. Optical contrast variation is used ...

Preparation and Properties of Optically Transparent Aqueous Dispersions of Monodisperse Fluorinated Colloids

Modified polyisobutene and oleic acid appear to be very effective stabilisers for iron colloids formed by thermolysis of iron pentacarbonyl in decalin. The magnetic colloids are fairly monodisperse even for particle radii below 10 nm. The particle size can be increased by seeded growth, and the particle shape can be changed by using a mercaptan stabiliser, which leads to rodlike iron colloids.

Chellapah Pathmamanoharan

Papers

Magnetic silica dispersions: preparation and stability of surface-modified silica particles with a magnetic core

Preparation of monodisperse, fluorescent PMMA-latex colloids by dispersion polymerization.

Preparation and Properties of Optically Transparent Aqueous Dispersions of Monodisperse Fluorinated Colloids

Controlled (seeded) growth of monodisperse sterically stabilised magnetic iron colloids

Determination of the Saturation Adsorption Density of Paramagnetic Ion-Complexes on Colloïdal Silica by NMR Field-Cycling Relaxation Spectroscopy.