This paper provides an overview of the Internet of Things (IoT) with emphasis on enabling technologies, protocols, and application issues. The IoT is enabled by the latest developments in RFID, smart sensors, communication technologies, and Internet protocols. The basic premise is to have smart sensors collaborate directly without human involvement to deliver a new class of applications. The current revolution in Internet, mobile, and machine-to-machine (M2M) technologies can be seen as the first phase of the IoT. In the coming years, the IoT is expected to bridge diverse technologies to enable new applications by connecting physical objects together in support of intelligent decision making. This paper starts by providing a horizontal overview of the IoT. Then, we give an overview of some technical details that pertain to the IoT enabling technologies, protocols, and applications. Compared to other survey papers in the field, our objective is to provide a more thorough summary of the most relevant protocols and application issues to enable researchers and application developers to get up to speed quickly on how the different protocols fit together to deliver desired functionalities without having to go through RFCs and the standards specifications. We also provide an overview of some of the key IoT challenges presented in the recent literature and provide a summary of related research work. Moreover, we explore the relation between the IoT and other emerging technologies including big data analytics and cloud and fog computing. We also present the need for better horizontal integration among IoT services. Finally, we present detailed service use-cases to illustrate how the different protocols presented in the paper fit together to deliver desired IoT services.

Internet of Things: A Survey on Enabling Technologies, Protocols, and Applications

Mobile edge computing (MEC) is an emergent architecture where cloud computing services are extended to the edge of networks leveraging mobile base stations. As a promising edge technology, it can be applied to mobile, wireless, and wireline scenarios, using software and hardware platforms, located at the network edge in the vicinity of end-users. MEC provides seamless integration of multiple application service providers and vendors toward mobile subscribers, enterprises, and other vertical segments. It is an important component in the 5G architecture which supports variety of innovative applications and services where ultralow latency is required. This paper is aimed to present a comprehensive survey of relevant research and technological developments in the area of MEC. It provides the definition of MEC, its advantages, architectures, and application areas; where we in particular highlight related research and future directions. Finally, security and privacy issues and related existing solutions are also discussed.

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Mobile Edge Computing: A Survey

Intelligent Manufacturing in the Context of Industry 4.0: A Review

There has been significant interest and progress in the field of vehicular ad hoc networks over the last several years. VANETs comprise vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure communications based on wireless local area network technologies. The distinctive set of candidate applications (e.g., collision warning and local traffic information for drivers), resources (licensed spectrum, rechargeable power source), and the environment (e.g., vehicular traffic flow patterns, privacy concerns) make the VANET a unique area of wireless communication. This article gives an overview of the field, providing motivations, challenges, and a snapshot of proposed solutions.

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A tutorial survey on vehicular ad hoc networks

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) represent complex distributed systems that comprise wireless mobile nodes that can freely and dynamically self-organize into arbitrary and temporary, ‘‘ad-hoc’’ network topologies, allowing people and devices to seamlessly internetwork in areas with no pre-existing communication infrastructure, e.g., disaster recovery environments. Ad hoc networking concept is not a new one, having been around in various forms for over 20 years. Traditionally, tactical networks have been the only communication networking application that followed the ad hoc paradigm. Recently, the introduction of new technologies such as the Bluetooth, IEEE 802.11 and Hyperlan are helping enable eventual commercial MANET deployments outside the military domain. These recent evolutions have been generating a renewed and growing interest in the research and development of MANET. This paper attempts to provide a comprehensive overview of this dynamic field. It first explains the important role that mobile ad hoc networks play in the evolution of future wireless technologies. Then, it reviews the latest research activities in these areas, including a summary of MANETs characteristics, capabilities, applications, and design constraints. The paper concludes by presenting a set of challenges and problems requiring further research in the future. � 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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Mobile ad hoc networking: imperatives and challenges

While most topology control protocols only address limited network mobility, we propose in this paper a quasi-localized topology control algorithm that considers mobility predictions in order to construct and maintain a power efficient topology without relying on periodic beacons. Indeed, a node is capable of extracting linear trajectories of its neighboring nodes based on their positions and velocities. Based on such information, a node obtains a local prediction of neighborhood evolution and can thereafter proactively adapt the topology without relying on periodic beacons. Maintenance is driven on a per-event basis. It is therefore only when a node changes course that messages are exchanged in order to adapt the structure. Our approach is able to create and keep a stable kinetic backbone at a linear message and time complexity. It also improves concurrent communications by providing a significant reduction on local power assignments, therefore reducing interferences, increasing battery life and improving the overall network lifespan.

https://www.eurecom.fr/en/publication/1734/download/cm-haerje-051024.pdf

Trajectory knowledge for improving topology control in mobile ad-hoc networks

Wireless mesh networks have recently gained a lot of popularity due to their rapid deployment and instant communication capabilities. Special routing protocols are employed, which facilitate routing between the Mesh Routers as well as between the Mesh Routers and the Mobile Nodes. This work addresses a framework of packet routing in the wireless mesh network. We investigate a cross-layer solution to enable a good application delivery. In addition, we present an IPv6 addressing scheme and new procedures to handle mobility. Another feature of our work, is that we use a modified Multi Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) scheme to introduce a new hierarchical QoS routing.

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Cross-Layer QoS Routing Framework for Wireless Mesh Networks

In this paper, we use semantic technologies for enriching trajectory data in the automotive industry for offline analysis. We proposed to re-use a combination of existing ontologies and we designed a Vehicle Signal Specification ontology to provide an environment in which we developed an application that analyzes the variations of signal values and enables to infer the "driving smoothness'' that we represent as additional annotations of semantic trajectories.

Generating Semantic Trajectories Using a Car Signal Ontology

Network-based localized mobility management (NetLMM) is considered as the future solution for the IP mobility management confined within the access network, as well as a solution for inter-access system handover between 3GPP and non-3GPP. In this paper, we enhance NetLMM to support simultaneous use of radio interfaces in 4G environments consisting of multi-interface mobile nodes and heterogeneous access technologies. All issues on how to manage and to use multiple interfaces simultaneously in NetLMM are identified. We present necessary enhancements for the network attachment and network detachment processes. It is pointed out that IP tunneling is not suitable for simultaneous access in NetLMM. Consequently, a new tunneling method, which is based on stream control transmission protocol (SCTP) and its extensions, referred to as virtual SCTP tunneling, is proposed. We show that that the new tunneling method is advantageous to both mobile users and network operators with the consideration of two scenarios, load-balancing and wireless bandwidth aggregation. Some simulation results are also provided in this paper as an early estimation of the new tunneling method.

Enhancements for Simultaneous Access in Network-based Localized Mobility Management

We propose to evaluate, analyse and compare Eurecom IPv6-based soft-handover, IETF fast-MIPv6-bicasting handover and basic MIPv6 handover over IEEE 802.11 radio networks. We show through simulations that fast handover exploits layer 2/3 interactions and data duplication to reduce the overall handoff latency and packet loss. On the other hand, it introduces more layer 3 control load. Comparatively, Eurecom IPv6 soft handover for mobile IP-devices with multiple interfaces, suppresses handover latency, data loss, and is more capable in reducing average end to end delays. We identify the causes behind each handover performance and therefore devise a set of guidelines for further development of adaptive-handover-control algorithms across all-IP networks that guarantee different levels of service for applications.

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Christian Bonnet

Papers

Trajectory knowledge for improving topology control in mobile ad-hoc networks

Cross-Layer QoS Routing Framework for Wireless Mesh Networks

Generating Semantic Trajectories Using a Car Signal Ontology

Enhancements for Simultaneous Access in Network-based Localized Mobility Management

Performance comparison and analysis on MIPv6, fast MIPv6 bi-casting and Eurecom IPv6 soft handover over IEEE802.11b WLANs