This paper provides an overview of the Internet of Things (IoT) with emphasis on enabling technologies, protocols, and application issues. The IoT is enabled by the latest developments in RFID, smart sensors, communication technologies, and Internet protocols. The basic premise is to have smart sensors collaborate directly without human involvement to deliver a new class of applications. The current revolution in Internet, mobile, and machine-to-machine (M2M) technologies can be seen as the first phase of the IoT. In the coming years, the IoT is expected to bridge diverse technologies to enable new applications by connecting physical objects together in support of intelligent decision making. This paper starts by providing a horizontal overview of the IoT. Then, we give an overview of some technical details that pertain to the IoT enabling technologies, protocols, and applications. Compared to other survey papers in the field, our objective is to provide a more thorough summary of the most relevant protocols and application issues to enable researchers and application developers to get up to speed quickly on how the different protocols fit together to deliver desired functionalities without having to go through RFCs and the standards specifications. We also provide an overview of some of the key IoT challenges presented in the recent literature and provide a summary of related research work. Moreover, we explore the relation between the IoT and other emerging technologies including big data analytics and cloud and fog computing. We also present the need for better horizontal integration among IoT services. Finally, we present detailed service use-cases to illustrate how the different protocols presented in the paper fit together to deliver desired IoT services.

Internet of Things: A Survey on Enabling Technologies, Protocols, and Applications

Mobile edge computing (MEC) is an emergent architecture where cloud computing services are extended to the edge of networks leveraging mobile base stations. As a promising edge technology, it can be applied to mobile, wireless, and wireline scenarios, using software and hardware platforms, located at the network edge in the vicinity of end-users. MEC provides seamless integration of multiple application service providers and vendors toward mobile subscribers, enterprises, and other vertical segments. It is an important component in the 5G architecture which supports variety of innovative applications and services where ultralow latency is required. This paper is aimed to present a comprehensive survey of relevant research and technological developments in the area of MEC. It provides the definition of MEC, its advantages, architectures, and application areas; where we in particular highlight related research and future directions. Finally, security and privacy issues and related existing solutions are also discussed.

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Mobile Edge Computing: A Survey

Intelligent Manufacturing in the Context of Industry 4.0: A Review

There has been significant interest and progress in the field of vehicular ad hoc networks over the last several years. VANETs comprise vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure communications based on wireless local area network technologies. The distinctive set of candidate applications (e.g., collision warning and local traffic information for drivers), resources (licensed spectrum, rechargeable power source), and the environment (e.g., vehicular traffic flow patterns, privacy concerns) make the VANET a unique area of wireless communication. This article gives an overview of the field, providing motivations, challenges, and a snapshot of proposed solutions.

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A tutorial survey on vehicular ad hoc networks

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) represent complex distributed systems that comprise wireless mobile nodes that can freely and dynamically self-organize into arbitrary and temporary, ‘‘ad-hoc’’ network topologies, allowing people and devices to seamlessly internetwork in areas with no pre-existing communication infrastructure, e.g., disaster recovery environments. Ad hoc networking concept is not a new one, having been around in various forms for over 20 years. Traditionally, tactical networks have been the only communication networking application that followed the ad hoc paradigm. Recently, the introduction of new technologies such as the Bluetooth, IEEE 802.11 and Hyperlan are helping enable eventual commercial MANET deployments outside the military domain. These recent evolutions have been generating a renewed and growing interest in the research and development of MANET. This paper attempts to provide a comprehensive overview of this dynamic field. It first explains the important role that mobile ad hoc networks play in the evolution of future wireless technologies. Then, it reviews the latest research activities in these areas, including a summary of MANETs characteristics, capabilities, applications, and design constraints. The paper concludes by presenting a set of challenges and problems requiring further research in the future. � 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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Mobile ad hoc networking: imperatives and challenges

LTE 4G cellular networks are gradually being adopted by all major operators in the world and are expected to rule the cellular landscape at least for the current decade. They will also form the starting point for further progress beyond the current generation of mobile cellular networks to chalk a path towards fifth generation mobile networks. The lack of open cellular ecosystem has limited applied research in this field within the boundaries of vendor and operator R&D groups. Furthermore, several new approaches and technologies are being considered as potential elements making up such a future mobile network, including cloudification of radio network, radio network programability and APIs following SDN principles, native support of machine-type communication, and massive MIMO. Research on these technologies requires realistic and flexible experimentation platforms that offer a wide range of experimentation modes from real-world experimentation to controlled and scalable evaluations while at the same time retaining backward compatibility with current generation systems. In this work, we present OpenAirInterface (OAI) as a suitably flexible platform towards open LTE ecosystem and playground [1]. We will demonstrate an example of the use of OAI to deploy a low-cost open LTE network using commodity hardware with standard LTE-compatible devices. We also show the reconfigurability features of the platform.

Demo: OpenAirInterface: an open LTE network in a PC

The Internet of Things, more specifically, the Machine-to-Machine (M2M) standard enables machines and devices such as sensors to communicate with each other without human intervention. The M2M devices provide a great deal of M2M data, mainly used for specific M2M applications such as weather forecasting, healthcare or building automation. Existing applications are domain-specific and use their own descriptions of devices and measurements. A major challenge is to combine M2M data provided by these heterogeneous domains and by different projects. It is really a difficult task to understand the meaning of the M2M data to later reason about them. We propose a semantic-based approach to automatically combine, enrich and reason about M2M data to provide promising cross-domain M2M applications. A proof-of-concept to validate our approach is published online (http://sensormeasurement.appspot.com/).

Enrich machine-to-machine data with semantic web technologies for cross-domain applications

Internet of Things (IoT) applications are becoming more and more popular but not interoperable with each other. In this paper, we propose the Machine-to-Machine Measurement (M3) framework to: (1) build IoT applications, (2) assist users in interpreting sensor measurements, and (3) combine domains with each other. The M3 framework is based on semantic web technologies to explicitly describe the meaning of sensor measurements in an unified way to ease the interpretation of sensor data and to combine domains.

Cross-Domain Internet of Things Application Development: M3 Framework and Evaluation

Vehicles are becoming the next frontiers for Internet of Things (IoT) based platforms and services. Connected vehicles, Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) together with IoT technologies have the potential of unleashing efficient and more sustainable transportation system which is fast becoming an important societal challenge. This paper formulates several main research and engineering challenges for integrating connected vehicles into IoT ecosystems. The challenges include - (i) a suitable alternative of cloud platform to support real time connected vehicular scenarios, (ii) uniform description and data collection mechanisms from vehicular sensors, (iii) integrating smart devices into transport systems, (iv) uniform mechanism for data fusion and analytics and (v) integrating all heterogeneous elements into a standard IoT architecture for connected vehicles. To mitigate these challenges, we propose a novel IoT framework. The solutions, operational phases of the framework, software elements & their implementations and advantages are described in details. The building blocks of the framework are integrated into an oneM2M standard architecture. Finally, the paper concludes with best practice recommendations and lessons learnt from the prototyping.

Integrating connected vehicles in Internet of Things ecosystems: Challenges and solutions

To realize the vision of Internet of Things, there must be mechanisms to discover resources and their capabilities. Thus resource discovery becomes a fundamental requirement of any IoT platform. This paper provides a comprehensive categorization of the current technology landscape for discovery while pointing out their advantages and limitations. Then, a novel search engine based resource discovery framework is proposed. The framework comprises of a proxy layer which includes drivers for various communication technologies and protocols. There is a central registry to store the configurations of the resources and index them based on the configuration parameters. A “lifetime” attribute is introduced which denotes the period through which a resource is discoverable. The search engine ranks the resulting resources of a discovery request and returns an URI to directly access each resource. The functionalities of the proposed framework are exposed using RESTful web services. The framework allows discovery of both smart and legacy devices. We have performed gap analysis of current IoT standards for discovery mechanisms and provide suggestions to improve them to maintain interoperability. The outcomes are communicated to Standard Development Organizations like W3C (in Web of Things Interest Group) and oneM2M.

Christian Bonnet

Papers

Demo: OpenAirInterface: an open LTE network in a PC

Enrich machine-to-machine data with semantic web technologies for cross-domain applications

Cross-Domain Internet of Things Application Development: M3 Framework and Evaluation

Integrating connected vehicles in Internet of Things ecosystems: Challenges and solutions

Resource discovery in Internet of Things: Current trends and future standardization aspects