The Age of Migration

For almost 50 years field experiments have been used to study ethnic and racial discrimination in hiring decisions, consistently reporting high rates of discrimination against minority applicants - including immigrants -, irrespective of time, location, or minority groups tested. While Riach and Rich (2002) and Rich (2014) provide systematic reviews of existing field experiments, no study has undertaken a meta-analysis to examine the findings in the studies reported. In this article we present a meta-analysis of 730 correspondence tests in 42 separate studies conducted in OECD countries between 1990 and 2015. In addition to summarizing research findings, we focus on subgroups to ascertain the robustness of findings, emphasizing differences across countries, gender, and economic contexts. Moreover we test hypotheses with regard to taste-based and statistical discrimination. To this end, we draw on the fact that the groups considered in correspondence tests and the contexts of testing vary to some extent. We focus on first- and second generation immigrants, differences between specific minority groups, the implementation of EU directives, and the length of job application packs. There are many indications that ethnic discrimination in hiring decisions reflects taste-based discrimination, although in some cases statistical discrimination seems to occur.

Ethnic discrimination in hiring decisions: A meta-analysis of correspondence tests 1990–2015

For 2014 the bibliography continues its customary coverage of secondary writings published since 1900 in western European languages on slavery or the slave trade anywhere in the world: monographs, ...

Slavery: Annual Bibliographical Supplement (2014)

This article looks at the phenomenon of trafficking in human beings, with examples drawn from intergovernmental organizations, the European Union and the UK. It begins by outlining legal recognitio...

Human trafficking: Sketchy data and policy responses

Complying with Europe - EU Harmonisation and Soft Law in the Member States

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/pdf/human-trafficking-in-the-sinai-refugees-between-life-and-2v9ncg26a2.pdf

Human Trafficking in the Sinai: Refugees between Life and Death

The phenomenon that is coined “Sinai Trafficking” started in 2009 in the Sinai desert. It involves the abduction, extortion, sale, torture, sexual violation and killing of men, women and children. Migrants, of whom the vast majority are from Eritrean descent, are abducted and brought to the Sinai desert, where they are sold and resold, extorted for very high ransoms collected by mobile phone, while being brutally and “functionally” tortured to support the extortion. Many of them die in Sinai. Over the last five years broadcasting stations, human rights organisations and academics have reported on the practices in the Sinai and some of these reports have resulted in some confusion on the modus operandi. Based on empirical research by the authors and the analysis of data gathered in more than 200 recorded interviews with Sinai hostages and survivors on the practices, this article provides a definition of Sinai Trafficking. It argues that the term Sinai Trafficking can be used to differentiate a particular new set of criminal practices that have first been reported in the Sinai Peninsula. The article further examines how the new phenomenon of Sinai Trafficking can be framed into the legal human trafficking definition. The interconnectedness of Sinai Trafficking with slavery, torture, ransom collection, extortion, sexual violence and other severe crimes is presented to substantiate the use of the trafficking framework. The plight of Sinai survivors in Israel and Egypt is explained to illustrate the cyclical process of the trafficking practices especially endured by Eritreans, introduced as the Human Trafficking Cycle. The article concludes by setting out areas for further research.

https://www.cogitatiopress.com/ojs/index.php/socialinclusion/article/download/180/pdf_20

Sinai Trafficking: Origin and Definition of a New Form of Human Trafficking

Central to this edited volume is the legal position and the labour situation of non-EU and EU low-waged migrant workers. Towards a Decent Labour Market for Low-Waged Migrant Workers presents ground breaking research on policies and practices in search of striking a right balance between the economic ambitions and the negative consequences thereof, for labour market dynamics such as down-ward wage pressures, unfair competition, the abuse of migrant workers and even the long-term setback for the children of previously low-waged migrant workers. Imbalances or presumed imbalances between free market mechanisms, labour migration policies, labour market protection and corrective mechanisms to protect migrant workers, thus come to the fore. The contributors to this volume will deconstruct some of these imbalances, and shed light on its causes, consequences and interrelatedness with other factors. Possible solutions that contribute to a decent labour market, in which rights of low-waged migrant workers are more respected, will be discussed.

/pdf/towards-a-decent-labour-market-for-low-waged-migrant-workers-2n0azpt5k5.pdf

Towards a Decent Labour Market for Low-Waged Migrant Workers

Inteational Pblic aw & Plitics (Intational) rim nal aw Enironm etal aw Lbour aw Halth aw Contutional & dm intrative aw um an Rghts & um antarian aw Euopean aw Edcation aw Cabbean aw Tenology & aw Pivate aw olf Lgal Pulishers aw sries: Human trafficking in the Sinai started in 2009 and involves the abduction, extortion, sale, torture and killing of men, women and children. This book follows from the publication “Human Trafficking in the Sinai: Refugees between Life and Death” (2012). It describes how refugees are abducted and brought to the Sinai and identifies the modus operandi of the trafficking. It also looks at what happens after the hostages are released and where they go. This book introduces the term ‘trafficking cycle’ to describe how refugees become trapped in a vicious cycle of detention, exploitation and abuse, or take risks that may lead to tragedies such as the shipwreck off the coast of Lampedusa on 3 October 2013. It also portrays how Sinai survivors remain owners of their own history and keepers of their own dignity. The book is based on interviews with hostages and survivors of the trafficking in the Sinai and others.

/pdf/the-human-trafficking-cycle-sinai-and-beyond-1k0wv2dhhi.pdf

The Human Trafficking Cycle: Sinai and Beyond

Joint Investigation Teams (JITs) are a new instrument in the fight against serious transnational crime. The European legal framework and the national implementation of this instrument give rise to several (legal) questions. An analysis of the (European) legal framework on JITs uncovers the particularities regarding the dual legal basis for establishing a JIT and the consequences of deficient and unclear national implementing laws. The implications of the Pupino case with regard to the Framework Decision on JITs cannot be denied, as was confirmed by the Dutch courts in the first JIT case ever brought before them. However, practice shows that a legal framework is not enough to ensure the successful application of the JIT instrument. Based on two case studies, insight is provided into the obstacles to establishing a JIT and into available remedies.

https://www.utrechtlawreview.org/articles/10.18352/ulr.28/galley/28/download/

Conny Rijken

Papers

Human Trafficking in the Sinai: Refugees between Life and Death

Sinai Trafficking: Origin and Definition of a New Form of Human Trafficking

Towards a Decent Labour Market for Low-Waged Migrant Workers

The Human Trafficking Cycle: Sinai and Beyond

Joint Investigation Teams: principles, practice, and problems Lessons learnt from the first efforts to establish a JIT