Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques

Offering a unifying theoretical perspective not readily available in any other text, this innovative guide to econometrics uses simple geometrical arguments to develop students' intuitive understanding of basic and advanced topics, emphasizing throughout the practical applications of modern theory and nonlinear techniques of estimation. One theme of the text is the use of artificial regressions for estimation, reference, and specification testing of nonlinear models, including diagnostic tests for parameter constancy, serial correlation, heteroscedasticity, and other types of mis-specification. Explaining how estimates can be obtained and tests can be carried out, the authors go beyond a mere algebraic description to one that can be easily translated into the commands of a standard econometric software package. Covering an unprecedented range of problems with a consistent emphasis on those that arise in applied work, this accessible and coherent guide to the most vital topics in econometrics today is indispensable for advanced students of econometrics and students of statistics interested in regression and related topics. It will also suit practising econometricians who want to update their skills. Flexibly designed to accommodate a variety of course levels, it offers both complete coverage of the basic material and separate chapters on areas of specialized interest.

Estimation and Inference in Econometrics

The handbook of research synthesis and meta-analysis, 2nd ed.

Nos últimos trinta trinta anos, houve profundas mudanças na forma como compreendemos o crime e a justiça criminal. O crime tornou-se um evento simbólico, um verdadeiro teste para a ordem social e para as políticas governamentais, um desafio para a sociedade civil, para a democracia e para os direitos humanos. Segundo David Garland, professor da Faculdade de Direito da New York University, um dos principais autores no campo da Sociologia da Punição e com artigo publicado na Revista de Sociologia e Política , número 13, na modernidade tardia houve uma verdadeira obsessão securitária, direcionando as políticas criminais para um maior rigor em relação às penas e maior intolerância com o criminoso. Há trinta anos, nos EUA e na Inglaterra essa tendência era insuspeita. O livro mostra que os dois países compartilham intrigantes similaridades em suas práticas criminais, a despeito da divisão racial, das desigualdades econômicas e da letalidade violenta que marcam fortemente o cenário americano. Segundo David Garland, encontram-se nos dois países os “mesmos tipos de riscos e inseguranças, a mesma percepção a respeito dos problemas de um controle social não-efetivo, as mesmas críticas da justiça criminal tradicional, e as mesmas ansiedades recorrentes sobre mudança e ordem sociais”1 (GARLAND, 2001, p. 2). O argumento principal da obra é o seguinte: a modernidade tardia, esse distintivo padrão de relações sociais, econômicas e culturais, trouxe consigo um conjunto de riscos, inseguranças e problemas de controle social que deram uma configuração específica às nossas respostas ao crime, ao garantir os altos custos das políticas criminais, o grau máximo de duração das penas e a excessivas taxas de encarceramento.

http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rsocp/n20/n20a15.pdf

The culture of control: crime and social order in contemporary, society

What makes organizations so similar? We contend that the engine of rationalization and bureaucratization has moved from the competitive marketplace to the state and the professions. Once a set of organizations emerges as a field, a paradox arises: rational actors make their organizations increasingly similar as they try to change them. We describe three isomorphic processes-coercive, mimetic, and normative—leading to this outcome. We then specify hypotheses about the impact of resource centralization and dependency, goal ambiguity and technical uncertainty, and professionalization and structuration on isomorphic change. Finally, we suggest implications for theories of organizations and social change.

The iron cage revisited: Institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields (Chinese Translation)

To provide better customer service, NCJRS has made this Federally-funded grant final report available electronically in addition to traditional paper copies. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Findings and conclusions of the research reported here are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official position of policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. In October of 2002, the tri-state area surrounding Washington, D.C. was gripped with fear by what became known as the Montgomery County (Maryland), D.C., and/or Beltway Sniper Case. Two gunmen randomly shot fourteen individuals, killing ten, during a twenty-one day shooting spree. The Sniper Case was perhaps made more dramatic by its timing; only one year prior the United States had experienced the September 11 th attacks as well as the anthrax contaminations of the Postal Service. At the time, law enforcement agencies were already shifting their focus towards prevention strategies which targeted potential terrorist incidents and other critical events; the sniper attacks added to the growing interest in how to respond to such intense situations. A central focus of many of these critical incident response strategies has become the role that information plays in the quick and successful resolution of these situations. In particular, police are increasingly interested in how information can be obtained, recorded, stored, processed, analyzed, disseminated, and operationalized to improve police effectiveness in preventing future events. This interest has mirrored recent paradigm shifts within police practice and research more generally, including problem-oriented and evidence-based deployment strategies that centralize the role of information in deployment, as well as the increased use of crime analysis and information driven management schemes (like NYPD's COMPSTAT). Clearly, the importance and utility of information and intelligence has taken center stage. For critical incidents more specifically, the use of tip lines remains one of the most powerful tools by which police agencies collect and process information. Tip lines have become a common response technique in critical incidents where the identity and location of suspects (or victims) are often unknown and obtaining leads using traditional investigative techniques may be difficult. In such cases, law enforcement agencies often rely on information garnered from the public to provide clues as to the offender's (or missing person's) whereabouts, or perhaps even the location of the next crime. This solicitation of information through a …

Tip Line Technologies: Intelligence Gathering and Analysis Systems: Phase I Final Report and Executive Summary

At the turn of the 20th century, social scientists developed an approach to understanding the distribution of crime across a city that came to be called the Chicago school. This approach—especially the work on social disorganization by Shaw, McKay, and their colleagues (see Shaw & McKay, 1942; Shaw, Zorbaugh, McKay, & Cottrell, 1929)—began by plotting the residences of known offenders and noting their concentration in certain sections of the city. Using this unequal distribution of criminality, they and others began to develop explanations for why offenders and crime clustered in certain locations. In particular, their ideas focused on the inability of communities to develop norms for social control possibly due to factors such as high residential mobility, population turnover, racial and ethnic heterogeneity, and concentrated poverty—see later developments of this idea by Kornhauser (1978) and Bursik & Grasmick (1993). The Chicago School used these explanations to develop and advocate for crime prevention interventions (i.e., the Chicago Area Projects) that might increase community efficacy and ties, thereby reducing crime. Social disorganization theory could have been a precursor to modern crime and place research and policy, including hot spots policing. However, because of its focus on offenders, and because of a widespread belief among both practitioners and scholars that place-based prevention programs would simply displace crime, the influence of the Chicago School on criminology until the 1980s was primarily offender-based, sociological, and dispositional (Clarke, 1980; Weisburd, 2002). Explanations for the clustering of offenders in certain areas included how socio-economic and demographic characteristics that were also unevenly distributed across geography, influenced offending. But environmental criminologists, social ecologists, and social psychologists like Jeffery (1971), Newman (1972), and Brantingham and Brantingham (1981) began arguing that these sociological forces were not the only explanation for geographic crime patterns. Indeed, they asserted that the environmental context in which a crime occurs was essential to understanding crime patterns across places. Early works on opportunity and situational crime prevention by Ron Clarke also suggested the importance of the context of crime as well as a rational offender who responded to situational cues, in explaining crime (Clarke, 1980, 1983; Cornish & Clarke, 1986). Clarke’s work emphasized that crime prevention could successfully target situations,

A New Era for Hot Spots Policing

We report the results of the only multi-wave survey of a large and geographically diverse sample of police agencies across the United States to understand the immediate impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on law enforcement. Findings indicate an unprecedented and sustained shift in both the supply of and demand for police services during that time. While overall calls for service (demand) tended to decline in most agencies, some experienced increases in specific categories of calls. During the early months of COVID, agencies also reduced their in-person response to calls for service, arrests, proactive policing, and community policing activities (supply). These findings indicate a substantial change in the public safety landscape during that time, which was experienced by agencies of all sizes and from all types of jurisdictions. We explore how public health pandemics can lead to substantial, immediate, and potentially sustained changes to police deployment and police-community interactions that may impact public safety goals.

The Supply and Demand Shifts in Policing at the Start of the Pandemic: A National Multi-Wave Survey of the Impacts of COVID-19 on American Law Enforcement

One of the recent developments in airport security has been the call for a more coordinated security apparatus. In 2009, the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) revised and reimplemented its Comprehensive Strategy to Security at Airports, also known as “the Playbook,” to supplement and coordinate additional security at airports. The Playbook reflects the many everyday prevention and deterrence mechanisms to physically secure the airport environment, which are similar to other security measures used to prevent crime. Here, we use translational criminology concepts and tools to examine the Playbook in the context of evidence-based deterrence and prevention mechanisms. Overall, we find that the Playbook is in part supported by evidence-based crime prevention and deterrence principles. However, we also find areas where the Playbook needs further assessment, specifically in the areas of randomization and unpredictability, place-based focus, interagency cooperation, and implementation.

Translational Criminology: Using Existing Evidence for Assessing TSA’s Comprehensive Security Strategy at Airports

This entry examines the history of randomized controlled experiments in criminology and criminal justice First, fundamental characteristics of randomized controlled experiments are briefly described, emphasizing the connection between this research method and evidence-based crime policy Then, historical trends of experiments in criminal justice are reviewed, highlighting David Farrington’s work in this area The authors continue by connecting the history of experiments as well as their characteristics and the debates surrounding their use in the context of the evidence-based crime policy movement Specifically, the authors suggest that the history of experiments in criminal justice and their relative rarity compared to other evaluation research cannot be divorced from the broader discussions and realities about the “what works” movement in criminal justice Finally, this entry provides thoughts about the future of experiments in criminal justice and the research infrastructure being built to support them

Cynthia Lum

Papers

Tip Line Technologies: Intelligence Gathering and Analysis Systems: Phase I Final Report and Executive Summary

A New Era for Hot Spots Policing

The Supply and Demand Shifts in Policing at the Start of the Pandemic: A National Multi-Wave Survey of the Impacts of COVID-19 on American Law Enforcement

Translational Criminology: Using Existing Evidence for Assessing TSA’s Comprehensive Security Strategy at Airports

History of randomized controlled experiments in criminal justice