Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques

Offering a unifying theoretical perspective not readily available in any other text, this innovative guide to econometrics uses simple geometrical arguments to develop students' intuitive understanding of basic and advanced topics, emphasizing throughout the practical applications of modern theory and nonlinear techniques of estimation. One theme of the text is the use of artificial regressions for estimation, reference, and specification testing of nonlinear models, including diagnostic tests for parameter constancy, serial correlation, heteroscedasticity, and other types of mis-specification. Explaining how estimates can be obtained and tests can be carried out, the authors go beyond a mere algebraic description to one that can be easily translated into the commands of a standard econometric software package. Covering an unprecedented range of problems with a consistent emphasis on those that arise in applied work, this accessible and coherent guide to the most vital topics in econometrics today is indispensable for advanced students of econometrics and students of statistics interested in regression and related topics. It will also suit practising econometricians who want to update their skills. Flexibly designed to accommodate a variety of course levels, it offers both complete coverage of the basic material and separate chapters on areas of specialized interest.

Estimation and Inference in Econometrics

The handbook of research synthesis and meta-analysis, 2nd ed.

Nos últimos trinta trinta anos, houve profundas mudanças na forma como compreendemos o crime e a justiça criminal. O crime tornou-se um evento simbólico, um verdadeiro teste para a ordem social e para as políticas governamentais, um desafio para a sociedade civil, para a democracia e para os direitos humanos. Segundo David Garland, professor da Faculdade de Direito da New York University, um dos principais autores no campo da Sociologia da Punição e com artigo publicado na Revista de Sociologia e Política , número 13, na modernidade tardia houve uma verdadeira obsessão securitária, direcionando as políticas criminais para um maior rigor em relação às penas e maior intolerância com o criminoso. Há trinta anos, nos EUA e na Inglaterra essa tendência era insuspeita. O livro mostra que os dois países compartilham intrigantes similaridades em suas práticas criminais, a despeito da divisão racial, das desigualdades econômicas e da letalidade violenta que marcam fortemente o cenário americano. Segundo David Garland, encontram-se nos dois países os “mesmos tipos de riscos e inseguranças, a mesma percepção a respeito dos problemas de um controle social não-efetivo, as mesmas críticas da justiça criminal tradicional, e as mesmas ansiedades recorrentes sobre mudança e ordem sociais”1 (GARLAND, 2001, p. 2). O argumento principal da obra é o seguinte: a modernidade tardia, esse distintivo padrão de relações sociais, econômicas e culturais, trouxe consigo um conjunto de riscos, inseguranças e problemas de controle social que deram uma configuração específica às nossas respostas ao crime, ao garantir os altos custos das políticas criminais, o grau máximo de duração das penas e a excessivas taxas de encarceramento.

http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rsocp/n20/n20a15.pdf

The culture of control: crime and social order in contemporary, society

What makes organizations so similar? We contend that the engine of rationalization and bureaucratization has moved from the competitive marketplace to the state and the professions. Once a set of organizations emerges as a field, a paradox arises: rational actors make their organizations increasingly similar as they try to change them. We describe three isomorphic processes-coercive, mimetic, and normative—leading to this outcome. We then specify hypotheses about the impact of resource centralization and dependency, goal ambiguity and technical uncertainty, and professionalization and structuration on isomorphic change. Finally, we suggest implications for theories of organizations and social change.

The iron cage revisited: Institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields (Chinese Translation)

This volume emphasizes a central theme in crime prevention research and public interventions: Interventions addressing issues of great public importance must still be evidence-based. Not only must we continue to add more to the growing research on terrorism etiology, but we also need to develop an equal level of interest in evaluating counterterrorism interventions. Unlike crime prevention more generally, there is a research lacuna in counterterrorism studies. Indeed, there are special challenges in advancing counterterrorism research that are different from crime prevention studies more generally, which contribute to the scant supply of counterterrorism research. Such challenges include rare and difficult-to-study units of analysis, an absence of knowledge about base rates, lack of access to government activities and information, biases in research and politics, and unresolved definitional debates. While all of these are compelling, the values of democratic governance, which include accountability, legitimacy, legality, safety, and cost-effectiveness of government actions, necessitate the development of a more evidence-based approach to programs and interventions, whether they focus on “everyday” crime or terroristic violence.

The Next Steps: A Need for a Research Infrastructure for Evaluating Counterterrorism

Progress and Prospects—The 50th Anniversary of the 1967 President's Crime Commission Report in Today's Criminal Justice Environment

To determine whether the use and display of license plate readers (LPRs) enhance the crime prevention effects of police patrol, particularly by increasing initial and residual deterrence from patrol presence. Crime hot spots in a large suburban jurisdiction were randomly assigned to receive intermittent patrols (15–30 min each) by officers with or without LPRs on their vehicles for 4.5 months. Data on 785 patrols at 33 hot spots were used to compare initial and residual outcomes of LPR and non-LPR patrols. Outcomes analyzed for each patrol visit via chi-square tests, survival analyses, and/or logistic regression included the following: the likelihood of a vehicle recovery or arrest; the likelihood of a new crime or disorder call in the location while the officer was present (measuring initial deterrence); time until a new crime or disorder call following the officer’s departure (measuring residual deterrence); and first type of call (crime or disorder) following the officer’s departure (measuring residual deterrence). LPR use increased stolen vehicle recoveries but not arrests. LPR use did not reduce the likelihood of a new call in the hot spot while an officer was present, nor did it affect the timing or seriousness of the next call following a patrol. This study provides little clear evidence for the crime prevention efficacy of using LPRs in general patrol, which is a common practice in the USA. Police and researchers should give more attention to testing the relative benefits of different LPR uses and modes of deployment.

Do license plate readers enhance the initial and residual deterrent effects of police patrol? A quasi-randomized test

Editorial Introduction to the Special Issue on Policing

In Chap. 1 we introduce the issue of police pursuits in law enforcement, highlighting their importance among police leaders and their organizations. The history of police vehicle pursuits is explored, as well as the debates about the costs and benefits of pursuits, especially in an age of proactive policing, innovation, data analysis, evidence-based policing, and reform.

Cynthia Lum

Papers

The Next Steps: A Need for a Research Infrastructure for Evaluating Counterterrorism

Progress and Prospects—The 50th Anniversary of the 1967 President's Crime Commission Report in Today's Criminal Justice Environment

Do license plate readers enhance the initial and residual deterrent effects of police patrol? A quasi-randomized test

Editorial Introduction to the Special Issue on Policing

Police Pursuits: A Complex Policy Arena