[2.2]Paracyclophane (PCP) is a prevalent scaffold that is widely utilized in asymmetric synthesis, π-stacked polymers, energy materials, and functional parylene coatings that finds broad applications in bio- and materials science. In the last few years, [2.2]paracyclophane chemistry has progressed tremendously, enabling the fine-tuning of its structural and functional properties. This Minireview highlights the most important recent synthetic developments in the selective functionalization of PCP that govern distinct features of planar chirality as well as chiroptical and optoelectronic properties. Special focus is given to the function-inspired design of [2.2]paracyclophane-based π-stacked conjugated materials by transition-metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions. Current synthetic challenges, limitations, as well as future research directions and new avenues for advancing cyclophane chemistry are also summarized.

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Regioselective Functionalization of [2.2]Paracyclophanes: Recent Synthetic Progress and Perspectives

http://biblioteca.cinvestav.mx/indicadores/texto_completo/cinvestav/1998/71956_2.pdf

Recent applications of α-phenylethylamine (α-PEA) in the preparation of enantiopure compounds. Part 1: Incorporation in chiral catalysts. Part 2: α-PEA and derivatives as resolving agents

Syntheses and applications of disubstituted [2.2]paracyclophanes

Palladium Complexes Bearing Novel Strongly Bent Trans-Spanning Diphosphine Ligands: Synthesis, Characterization, and Catalytic Activity

The possible number of chiral and achiral tetrasubstituted [2.2]paracyclophanes possessing different types of symmetry (C(2), C(i), C(s), C(2v), C(2h)) is evaluated and a unified independent trivial naming descriptor system is introduced. The reactivity and regioselectivity of the electrophilic substitution of the chiral pseudo-meta- and achiral pseudo-para-disubstituted [2.2]paracyclophanes are investigated in an approach suggested to be general for the synthesis of bis-bifunctional [2.2]paracyclophanes. The mono- and diacylation of chiral pseudo-meta-dihydroxy[2.2]paracyclophane 14 with acetylchloride occur ortho-regioselectively to produce tri- 22, 23 and symmetrically 21 tetrasubstituted acyl derivatives. The same reaction with benzoylchloride is neither regio-, nor chemoselective, and gives rise to a mixture of ortho-/para-, mono-/diacylated compounds 27-31. The double acylation of pseudo-meta-dimethoxy[2.2]paracyclophane 18 is completely para-regioselective. Electrophilic substitution of pseudo-meta-bis(methoxycarbonyl)[2.2]paracyclophane 20 regioselectively generates the pseudo-gem-substitution pattern. Formylation of this substrate produces the monocarbonyl derivatives 35 only, whereas the Fe-catalyzed bromination may be directed towards mono- 36 or disubstitution 37 products chemoselectively by varying the reactions conditions. The diacylation and dibromination reactions of the respective achiral diphenol 12 and bis(methoxycarbonyl) 40 derivatives of the pseudo-para-structure retain regioselectivities which are characteristic for their pseudo-meta-regioisomers. Imino ligands 26, 25, and 39, which were obtained from monoacyl- 22 and diacyldihydroxy[2.2]paracyclophanes 21, 38, are tested as chiral ligands in stereoselective Et(2)Zn addition to benzaldehyde producing 1-phenylpropanol with ee values up to 76 %.

Symmetrically tetrasubstituted [2.2]paracyclophanes: their systematization and regioselective synthesis of several types of bis-bifunctional derivatives by double electrophilic substitution.

A novel class of bidentate ligands with a conformationally flexible biphenyl unit built into a planar chiral [2.2]paracyclophane backbone

Coordination chemistry of mercury-containing anticrowns. Synthesis and structure of an unusual discrete, double-decker sandwich complex of cyclic trimeric perfluoro-o-phenylenemercury with an aromatic hydrocarbon

An efficient three-step synthesis of [2.2]paracyclophane-pseudo-ortho-dicarboxylic acid by dibromination of [2.2]paracyclophane, thermal isomerization of the resultingpseudopara-dibromide topseudo-ortho-isomer, followed by lithiation/carboxylation was developed. The possibility of preparation of two other novelpseudo-ortho-disubstituted carbonyl derivatives, 4-carboxy-12-(1-oxopenthyl)-[2.2]paracyclophane and di(4-carboxy[2.2]paracyclophanyl-12)ketone, was demonstrated when an excess of lithiation reagent (4 or 10 eq.) was used in the final step.

Synthesis of (2.2)paracyclophane-pseudo-ortho-dicarboxylic acid

The nucleophilic addition of butyllithium, phenyllithium, methyllithium, and triallylborane to [2.2]paracyclophane-4,7-quinone (1) proceeded regio- and stereospecifically to give the corresponding cis-4,7-disubstituted 4,7-dihydroxy-4,7-dihydro[2.2]paracyclophanes 2—5 with the endo orientation of the hydroxy groups. The structures of quinone 1 and diols 2, 4, and 5 were established by X-ray diffraction analysis.

Stereoselective synthesis of cis-4,7-disubstituted 4,7-dihydroxy-4,7-dihydro[2.2]paracyclophanes

A significant bathochromic shift of the fluorescent and long-wavelength absorption bands of [2.2] paracyclophane comparing to corresponding bands of alkyl-benzenes is due to a strong transannular interaction, resulting in formation of a principally new excited state of lower energy. It is concluded that the fluorescent levels for alkylbenzene excimers and for the macrocycle are of the same nature. Analysis of [2.2] paracyclophane mono- and diphenylderivatives spectra shows that their intensive absorption bands (230–310 nm) are originated from electron transitions of biphenyl groups and weak long wavelength absorption (310–340 nm) and fluorescent bands are governed by the same electron transitions between ground and excimer-like excited states as in the case of non-substituted macrocycle.

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D. Yu. Antonov

Papers

A novel class of bidentate ligands with a conformationally flexible biphenyl unit built into a planar chiral [2.2]paracyclophane backbone

Coordination chemistry of mercury-containing anticrowns. Synthesis and structure of an unusual discrete, double-decker sandwich complex of cyclic trimeric perfluoro-o-phenylenemercury with an aromatic hydrocarbon

Synthesis of (2.2)paracyclophane-pseudo-ortho-dicarboxylic acid

Stereoselective synthesis of cis-4,7-disubstituted 4,7-dihydroxy-4,7-dihydro[2.2]paracyclophanes

Influence of transannular interaction over absorption and fluorescent properties of [2.2] paracyclophane and its phenyl derivatives