Messenger RNA (mRNA) has emerged as a new category of therapeutic agent to prevent and treat various diseases. To function in vivo, mRNA requires safe, effective and stable delivery systems that protect the nucleic acid from degradation and that allow cellular uptake and mRNA release. Lipid nanoparticles have successfully entered the clinic for the delivery of mRNA; in particular, lipid nanoparticle-mRNA vaccines are now in clinical use against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which marks a milestone for mRNA therapeutics. In this Review, we discuss the design of lipid nanoparticles for mRNA delivery and examine physiological barriers and possible administration routes for lipid nanoparticle-mRNA systems. We then consider key points for the clinical translation of lipid nanoparticle-mRNA formulations, including good manufacturing practice, stability, storage and safety, and highlight preclinical and clinical studies of lipid nanoparticle-mRNA therapeutics for infectious diseases, cancer and genetic disorders. Finally, we give an outlook to future possibilities and remaining challenges for this promising technology.

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Lipid nanoparticles for mRNA delivery.

Delivering the Messenger: Advances in Technologies for Therapeutic mRNA Delivery.

Natural biodegradable polymers based nano-formulations for drug delivery: A review.

mRNA vaccines have become a promising platform for cancer immunotherapy. During vaccination, naked or vehicle loaded mRNA vaccines efficiently express tumor antigens in antigen-presenting cells (APCs), facilitate APC activation and innate/adaptive immune stimulation. mRNA cancer vaccine precedes other conventional vaccine platforms due to high potency, safe administration, rapid development potentials, and cost-effective manufacturing. However, mRNA vaccine applications have been limited by instability, innate immunogenicity, and inefficient in vivo delivery. Appropriate mRNA structure modifications (i.e., codon optimizations, nucleotide modifications, self-amplifying mRNAs, etc.) and formulation methods (i.e., lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), polymers, peptides, etc.) have been investigated to overcome these issues. Tuning the administration routes and co-delivery of multiple mRNA vaccines with other immunotherapeutic agents (e.g., checkpoint inhibitors) have further boosted the host anti-tumor immunity and increased the likelihood of tumor cell eradication. With the recent U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approvals of LNP-loaded mRNA vaccines for the prevention of COVID-19 and the promising therapeutic outcomes of mRNA cancer vaccines achieved in several clinical trials against multiple aggressive solid tumors, we envision the rapid advancing of mRNA vaccines for cancer immunotherapy in the near future. This review provides a detailed overview of the recent progress and existing challenges of mRNA cancer vaccines and future considerations of applying mRNA vaccine for cancer immunotherapies.

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mRNA vaccine for cancer immunotherapy.

Since the first connection between Fenton chemistry and biomedicine, numerous studies have been presented in this field. Comprehensive presentation of the guidance from Fenton chemistry and a summary of its representative applications in cancer therapy would help us understand and promote the further development of this field. This comprehensive review first supplies basic information regarding Fenton chemistry, including Fenton reactions and Fenton-like reactions. Subsequently, the current progress of Fenton chemistry is discussed, with some corresponding representative examples presented. Furthermore, the current strategies for further optimizing the performance of chemodynamic therapy guided by Fenton chemistry are highlighted. Most importantly, future perspectives on the combination of biomedicine with Fenton chemistry or a wider range of catalytic chemistry approaches are presented. We hope that this review will attract positive attention in the chemistry, materials science, and biomedicine fields and further tighten their connections.

Biomedicine Meets Fenton Chemistry.

Phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) is a well-characterized tumour-suppressor gene that is lost or mutated in about half of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancers and in many other human cancers The restoration of functional PTEN as a treatment for prostate cancer has, however, proven difficult Here, we show that PTEN messenger RNA (mRNA) can be reintroduced into PTEN-null prostate cancer cells in vitro and in vivo via its encapsulation in polymer-lipid hybrid nanoparticles coated with a polyethylene glycol shell The nanoparticles are stable in serum, elicit low toxicity and enable high PTEN mRNA transfection in prostate cancer cells Moreover, significant inhibition of tumour growth is achieved when delivered systemically in multiple mouse models of prostate cancer We also show that the restoration of PTEN function in PTEN-null prostate cancer cells inhibits the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-AKT pathway and enhances apoptosis Our findings provide proof-of-principle evidence of the restoration of mRNA-based tumour suppression in vivo

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Restoration of tumour-growth suppression in vivo via systemic nanoparticle-mediated delivery of PTEN mRNA.

The authors wish to add the following sentence into the 'Competing interests' section of this Article: "P.W.K. has investment interest in Context Therapeutics LLC, DRGT, Placon, Seer Biosciences and Tarveda Therapeutics, is a company board member for Context Therapeutics LLC, is a consultant and scientific advisory board member for BIND Biosciences, Inc., BN Immunotherapeutics, DRGT, GE Healthcare, Janssen, Metamark, New England Research Institutes, Inc., OncoCellMDX, Progenity, Sanofi, Seer Biosciences, Tarveda Therapeutics and Thermo Fisher, and serves on data safety monitoring boards for Genentech/Roche and Merck." This has now been included.

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Daniel Aum

Papers

Restoration of tumour-growth suppression in vivo via systemic nanoparticle-mediated delivery of PTEN mRNA.

Author Correction: Restoration of tumour-growth suppression in vivo via systemic nanoparticle-mediated delivery of PTEN mRNA