There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

/pdf/self-assembled-monolayers-of-thiolates-on-metals-as-a-form-1neb0hj3k4.pdf

Self-assembled monolayers of thiolates on metals as a form of nanotechnology.

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Modern Applied Statistics With S

In this paper we report the set-up and results of the Multimodal Brain Tumor Image Segmentation Benchmark (BRATS) organized in conjunction with the MICCAI 2012 and 2013 conferences Twenty state-of-the-art tumor segmentation algorithms were applied to a set of 65 multi-contrast MR scans of low- and high-grade glioma patients—manually annotated by up to four raters—and to 65 comparable scans generated using tumor image simulation software Quantitative evaluations revealed considerable disagreement between the human raters in segmenting various tumor sub-regions (Dice scores in the range 74%–85%), illustrating the difficulty of this task We found that different algorithms worked best for different sub-regions (reaching performance comparable to human inter-rater variability), but that no single algorithm ranked in the top for all sub-regions simultaneously Fusing several good algorithms using a hierarchical majority vote yielded segmentations that consistently ranked above all individual algorithms, indicating remaining opportunities for further methodological improvements The BRATS image data and manual annotations continue to be publicly available through an online evaluation system as an ongoing benchmarking resource

/pdf/the-multimodal-brain-tumor-image-segmentation-benchmark-2gfraj98dk.pdf

The Multimodal Brain Tumor Image Segmentation Benchmark (BRATS)

Single-crystal bismuth thin films 1 to 20 micrometers thick were fabricated by electrodeposition and suitable annealing. Magnetoresistance up to 250 percent at 300 kelvin and 380,000 percent at 5 kelvin as well as clean Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations were observed, indicative of the high quality of these films. A hybrid structure was also made that showed a large magnetoresistive effect of 30 percent at 200 oersted and a field sensitivity of 0.2 percent magnetoresistance per oersted at room temperature.

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/284/5418/1335.full.pdf

Large Magnetoresistance of Electrodeposited Single-Crystal Bismuth Thin Films

Cells respond to mechanical forces whether applied externally or generated internally via the cytoskeleton. To study the cellular response to forces separately, we applied external forces to cells via microfabricated magnetic posts containing cobalt nanowires interspersed among an array of elastomeric posts, which acted as independent sensors to cellular traction forces. A magnetic field induced torque in the nanowires, which deflected the magnetic posts and imparted force to individual adhesions of cells attached to the array. Using this system, we examined the cellular reaction to applied forces and found that applying a step force led to an increase in local focal adhesion size at the site of application but not at nearby nonmagnetic posts. Focal adhesion recruitment was enhanced further when cells were subjected to multiple force actuations within the same time interval. Recording the traction forces in response to such force stimulation revealed two responses: a sudden loss in contractility that occurred within the first minute of stimulation or a gradual decay in contractility over several minutes. For both types of responses, the subcellular distribution of loss in traction forces was not confined to locations near the actuated micropost, nor uniformly across the whole cell, but instead occurred at discrete locations along the cell periphery. Together, these data reveal an important dynamic biological relationship between external and internal forces and demonstrate the utility of this microfabricated system to explore this interaction.

/pdf/magnetic-microposts-as-an-approach-to-apply-forces-to-living-3gioooklo7.pdf

Magnetic microposts as an approach to apply forces to living cells

Oscillatory superconducting transition temperature in Nb/Gd multilayers.

Nickel nanowires prepared by electrochemical growth in alumina templates have been removed from their templates and functionalized with luminescent porphyrins. The nanowires response to magnetic fields was quantified using video microscopy. In viscous solvents, magnetic fields can be used to orient the nanowires; in mobile solvents, the nanowires form chains in a head-to-tail configuration when a small magnetic field is applied. The dynamics for chain formation have been quantitatively modeled. The results demonstrate a new approach for assembling nanowires.

Magnetic Alignment of Fluorescent Nanowires

The use of magnetic nanowires is demonstrated as a method for the application of force to mammalian cells. Magnetic separations were carried out on populations of NIH-3T3 mouse fibroblast cells using ferromagnetic Ni wires 350 nm in diameter and 35 μm long. Separation purities in excess of 90% and yields of 49% are obtained. The nanowires are shown to outperform magnetic beads of comparable volume.

/pdf/cell-manipulation-using-magnetic-nanowires-4ugoewhldg.pdf

Daniel H. Reich

Papers

Large Magnetoresistance of Electrodeposited Single-Crystal Bismuth Thin Films

Magnetic microposts as an approach to apply forces to living cells

Oscillatory superconducting transition temperature in Nb/Gd multilayers.

Magnetic Alignment of Fluorescent Nanowires

Cell manipulation using magnetic nanowires