In this article, we attempt to distinguish between the properties of moderator and mediator variables at a number of levels. First, we seek to make theorists and researchers aware of the importance of not using the terms moderator and mediator interchangeably by carefully elaborating, both conceptually and strategically, the many ways in which moderators and mediators differ. We then go beyond this largely pedagogical function and delineate the conceptual and strategic implications of making use of such distinctions with regard to a wide range of phenomena, including control and stress, attitudes, and personality traits. We also provide a specific compendium of analytic procedures appropriate for making the most effective use of the moderator and mediator distinction, both separately and in terms of a broader causal system that includes both moderators and mediators.

/pdf/the-moderator-mediator-variable-distinction-in-social-2bmijritn2.pdf

The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations.

자연주의적 탐구조사(Naturalistic Inquiry)

According to W. Edwards Deming, American companies require nothing less than a transformation of management style and of governmental relations with industry. In Out of the Crisis, originally published in 1982, Deming offers a theory of management based on his famous 14 Points for Management. Management's failure to plan for the future, he claims, brings about loss of market, which brings about loss of jobs. Management must be judged not only by the quarterly dividend, but by innovative plans to stay in business, protect investment, ensure future dividends, and provide more jobs through improved product and service. In simple, direct language, he explains the principles of management transformation and how to apply them.

Out of the Crisis

Introduction 1. Woman's Place in Man's Life Cycle 2. Images of Relationship 3. Concepts of Self and Morality 4. Crisis and Transition 5. Women's Rights and Women's Judgment 6. Visions of Maturity References Index of Study Participants General Index

In a Different Voice. Psychological Theory and Women’s Development. Cambridge, MA (Harvard University Press) 1982.

A typology of service organizations is presented and a conceptual framework is advanced for exploring the impact of physical surroundings on the behaviors of both customers and employees. The abili...

Servicescapes: The Impact of Physical Surroundings on Customers and Employees:

Health promotion programs often lack a clearly specified theoretical foundation or are based on narrowly conceived conceptual models. For example, lifestyle modification programs typically emphasize individually focused behavior change strategies, while neglecting the environmental underpinnings of health and illness. This article compares three distinct, yet complementary, theoretical perspectives on health promotion: behavioral change, environmental enhancement, and social ecological models. Key strengths and limitations of each perspective are examined, and core principles of social ecological theory are used to derive practical guidelines for designing and evaluating community health promotion programs. Directions for future health promotion research are discussed, including studies examining the role of intermediaries (e.g., corporate decision-makers, legislators) in promoting the well-being of others, and those evaluating the duration and scope of intervention outcomes.

/pdf/translating-social-ecological-theory-into-guidelines-for-4py1s5d6ul.pdf

Translating social ecological theory into guidelines for community health promotion.

Earlier research on health promotion has emphasized behavior change strategies rather than environmentally focused interventions The advantages of integrating lifestyle modification, injury control, and environmental enhancement strategies of health promotion are substantial The author offers a social ecological analysis of health promotive environments, emphasizing the transactions between individual or collective behavior and the health resources and constraints that exist in specific environmental settings Directions for future research on the creation and maintenance of health promotive environments also are examined

/pdf/establishing-and-maintaining-healthy-environments-toward-a-267xxyeru1.pdf

Establishing and maintaining healthy environments. Toward a social ecology of health promotion.

ORIGINS AND SCOPE OF ENVIRONMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY World Views in Psychology: Trait, Interactional, Organismic, and Transactional Perspectives (I. Altman & B. Rogoff) Conceptual Strategies of Environmental Psychology (D. Stokols) Methodological Strategies of Environmental Psychology (G. Winkel) Environmental Psychology and Social Change (S. Saegert) PROCESSES OF PERSON-ENVIRONMENT TRANSACTION Environmental Cognition (R. Golledge) Environmental Cognition in Children (H. Heft & J. Wohlwill) Personality and the Environment (B. Little) Emotion and the Environment (J. Russell & J. Snodgrass) The Physical Environment and the Development of the Child (J. Wohlwill & H. Haft) Environment and Aging (F. Carp) Applied Behavior Analysis and Environmental Psychology (E. S. Geller) Personal Space (J. Aiello) Territoriality (B. Brown) Crowding (A. Baum & P. Paulus) Environmental Stress (G. Evans & S. Cohen) Behavior Settings Reconsidered: Temporal Stages, Resources, Internal Dynamics, Context (A. Wicker) LEVELS OF ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS: SITUATIONS, SETTINGS, AND PLACES Residential Environments Educational Environments (P. Gump) Work Environments Human Behavior, Cognition, and Affect in the Natural Environment The Community Psychology Perspective in Environmental Psychology Extreme and Unusual Environments APPLICATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY TO COMMUNITY PROBLEMS Environmental Assessment (K. Craik & N. Feimer).

Handbook of environmental psychology

https://escholarship.org/content/qt9x5078wj/qt9x5078wj.pdf?t=owj4g3

The science of team science: overview of the field and introduction to the supplement.

Author(s): Stokols, D | Abstract: Identifies a distinction between the physical condition, density, defined purely in terms of spatial parameters, and the experience of crowding, a motivational state aroused through the interaction of spatial, social, and personal factors, and directed toward the alleviation of perceived spatial restriction. Future studies pertaining to augmentation of space, subjective reports of restriction, observational indexes of tension, and physiological indicators of strain are suggested. (19 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved). © 1972 American Psychological Association.

/pdf/on-the-distinction-between-density-and-crowding-some-33p3gdf94v.pdf

Daniel Stokols

Papers

Translating social ecological theory into guidelines for community health promotion.

Establishing and maintaining healthy environments. Toward a social ecology of health promotion.

Handbook of environmental psychology

The science of team science: overview of the field and introduction to the supplement.

On the distinction between density and crowding: some implications for future research.