An in-depth study of mechanochromic and thermochromic luminescent copper iodide clusters exhibiting structural polymorphism is reported and gives new insights into the origin of the mechanochromic luminescence properties. The two different crystalline polymorphs exhibit distinct luminescence properties with one being green emissive and the other one being yellow emissive. Upon mechanical grinding, only one of the polymorphs exhibits great modification of its emission from green to yellow. Interestingly, the photophysical properties of the resulting partially amorphous crushed compound are closed to those of the other yellow polymorph. Comparative structural and optical analyses of the different phases including a solution of clusters permit us to establish a correlation between the Cu-Cu bond distances and the luminescence properties. In addition, the local structure of the [Cu4I4P4] cluster cores has been probed by (31)P and (65)Cu solid-state NMR analysis, which readily indicates that the grinding process modifies the phosphorus and copper atoms environments. The mechanochromic phenomenon is thus explained by the disruption of the crystal packing within intermolecular interactions inducing shortening of the Cu-Cu bond distances in the [Cu4I4] cluster core and eventually modification of the emissive state. These results definitely establish the role of cuprophilic interactions in the mechanochromism of copper iodide clusters. More generally, this study constitutes a step further into the understanding of the mechanism involved in the mechanochromic luminescent properties of metal-based compounds.

Polymorphic copper iodide clusters: insights into the mechanochromic luminescence properties.

The details of the ion-exchange properties of the layered sulfide material K2xMnxSn3−xS6 (x = 0.5−0.95) (KMS-1) with Cs+ and Rb+ cations are reported. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), elemental analyses, and powder and single-crystal diffraction studies revealed that the Cs+ and Rb+ ion exchange of KMS-1 is complete (quantitative replacement of K+ ions) and topotactic. These data also revealed that the Cs+ exchange is accompanied with a rare topotactic oxidation of Mn2+ to Mn3+ caused by atmospheric oxygen, while the Rb+ ion exchange only slightly alters the oxidation state of the layer manganese atoms. The absorption of Cs+ by KMS-1 follows the Langmuir model with a high exchange capacity of 226(4) mg/g (pH ≈ 7) and distribution coefficients as high as 2 × 104 mL/g. KMS-1 displays significant cesium uptake both under strongly acidic (pH 0.7−2.6) or basic conditions (pH 10−12). The kinetics of Cs+ capture by KMS-1 is fast (>90% removal of ∼1 ppm of Cs+ within only 5 min). KMS-1 was also found capab...

Highly Efficient and Rapid Cs+ Uptake by the Layered Metal Sulfide K2xMnxSn3−xS6 (KMS-1)

Due to the development of new techniques and further increase of magnetic field strength available for commercial applications, solid-state NMR spectroscopy became a routine method for the characterization of zeolites. As an important advantage, solid-state NMR spectroscopy allows the investigation of the local structure of nuclei in the solids under study. The specific behavior of zeolites often depends on local effects, such as framework defects, the substitution of framework atoms, guest compounds etc. Therefore, solid-state NMR spectroscopy is a widely applied analytical method for delivering structure data, which are complementary to those of diffraction methods suitable for investigating the long-range order. While early solid-state NMR spectroscopic studies often focused on the characterization of the zeolite framework in the as-synthesized and hydrated state, an increasing number of recent works is dealing with the investigation of the framework of dehydrated and calcined zeolites and of surface sites, i.e., on the determination of their concentration, strength, and accessibility. In all these applications, the advantage of solid-state NMR spectroscopy to be a quantitative method is utilized. The present chapter demonstrates the fundamentals, various techniques, and most important applications of solid-state NMR spectroscopy making this method to an important tool of research in zeolite science.

Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy

Enhanced sorption capacities for lead and uranium using titanium phosphates; sorption, kinetics, equilibrium studies and mechanism implication

Solid-state 63Cu and 65Cu NMR experiments have been conducted on a series of inorganic and organometallic copper(I) complexes possessing a variety of spherically asymmetric two-, three-, and four-coordinate Cu coordination environments. Variations in structure and symmetry, and corresponding changes in the electric field gradient (EFG) tensors, yield 63/65Cu quadrupolar coupling constants (CQ) ranging from 22.0 to 71.0 MHz for spherically asymmetric Cu sites. These large quadrupolar interactions result in spectra featuring quadrupolar-dominated central transition patterns with breadths ranging from 760 kHz to 6.7 MHz. Accordingly, Hahn-echo and/or QCPMG pulse sequences were applied in a frequency-stepped manner to rapidly acquire high S/N powder patterns. Significant copper chemical shielding anisotropies (CSAs) are also observed in some cases, ranging from 1000 to 1500 ppm. 31P CP/MAS NMR spectra for complexes featuring 63/65Cu-31P spin pairs exhibit residual dipolar coupling and are simulated to determi...

Solid-State 63Cu and 65Cu NMR Spectroscopy of Inorganic and Organometallic Copper(I) Complexes

Amorphous titanium hydroxyphosphate with formula Ti(OH)(1.36)(HPO(4))(1.32).2.3H(2)O and a new silica-modified titanium hydroxyphosphate with a general formula Ti(OH)(2x)(HPO(4))(2-x).ySiO(2).nH(2)O are synthesized and characterized using IR, TG, XRD, SEM, solid-state NMR, and BET techniques. It is concluded that SiO(2) is evenly distributed within the titanium phosphate (TiP) agglomerates and that neither the separate silica phase nor the titanium silicates are formed during the synthesis of silica-modified titanium hydroxyphosphate. Correlations between the texture, ion-exchange properties of the amorphous titanium hydroxyphosphate, and the amount of SiO(2) present within the TiP matrix are established. Sorption properties of silica-modified titanium hydroxyphosphate toward Cs(+) and Sr(2+) are studied in a series of samples with an increasing amount of silica, at different pH, and in NaCl solutions with a varying ionic strength. It is found that sorption of Cs(+) does not depend practically on the amount of SiO(2) present, whereas the Sr(2+) uptake drastically decreases with an increase of silica amount. The effects of pH and of the electrolyte concentration on the sorption behavior of titanium phosphate are discussed in terms of ionic hydration shell and titanium phosphate structural specificity. The kinetics of sorption processes is also investigated, and the diffusion coefficients for cesium and strontium are obtained.

Synthesis, characterization, and sorption properties of amorphous titanium phosphate and silica-modified titanium phosphates.

Mild syntheses and surface characterization of amorphous TiO(OH)(H2PO4)·H2O ion-exchanger

Solid-state 31P CP/MAS and static 65Cu NMR characterization of polycrystalline copper(I) dialkyldithiophosphate clusters

The interactions of synthetic chalcocite surfaces with diethyldithiophosphate, potassium salt, K[S2P(OC2H5)2], were studied by means of 31P cross-polarization/magic angle spinning (CP/MAS) NMR spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). To identify the species formed on the Cu2S surfaces, a polycrystalline {CuI6[S2P(OC2H5)2]6} cluster was synthesized and analyzed by SEM, powder X-ray diffraction techniques and solid-state 31P CP/MAS NMR and static 65Cu NMR spectroscopy. 31P chemical shift anisotropy (CSA) parameters, delta(cs) and eta(cs), were estimated and used for assigning the bridging type of diethyldithiophosphate ligands in the {CuI6[S2P(OC2H5)2]6} cluster. The latter data were compared to 31P CSA parameters estimated from the spinning sideband patterns in 31P NMR spectra of the collector-treated mineral surfaces: formation of polycrystalline {CuI6[S2P(OC2H5)2]6} on the Cu2S surfaces is suggested. The second-order quadrupolar line shape of 65Cu was simulated, and the NMR interaction parameters, CQ and etaQ, for the copper(I) diethyldithiophosphate cluster were obtained.

Formation of {Cu6[S2P(OC2H5)2]6} on Cu2S surfaces from aqueous solutions of the KS2P(OC2H5)2 collector: scanning electron microscopy and solid-state 31P cross-polarization/magic angle spinning and static 65Cu NMR studies.

The sorption properties toward Cu2+, Zn2+, Ni2+, Mn2+ and Co2+ ions, in synthetic and industrial waters with pH of 3.9–7.2, and the chemical stability of a titanium phosphate ion-exchanger synthesized at mild conditions and containing solely –H2PO4 groups, TiO(OH)(H2PO4)·H2O (TiP1) are investigated. TiP1 displays the highest Na+ uptake (6.3 meq. g−1) among TiP ion-exchangers and a maximum sorption capacity of ca. 1.55 mmol g−1 (i.e. 3.1 meq. g−1) for the studied ions, which is higher than the ones reported for exchangers composed predominantly of –HPO4 groups. The sorption isotherms were best described by the Temkin model while the Langmuir and the Freundlich models appear to be insufficient in describing all data. TiP1 shows fast kinetics with an equilibrium reached within 10–20 minutes and diffusion processes play a role in the initial period of sorption that is overpowered by chemisorption reactions in the overall rate controlling step. The selectivity order of the metal ions on TiP1 is determined as: Cu2+ > Zn2+ ≫ Mn2+ > Co2+, Ni2+, following the order of stability of MOH+ complexes and the corresponding activation parameters for a water molecule exchange in [M(H2O)6]2+ ions. The surface sorption data are in good correlation with the EDS data for these systems, supporting the idea of chemical sorption with no metal hydroxide precipitation. Additional sorption studies show that the quality of industrial waters after sorption reaches the EU recommendation for drinking water. The faster kinetics and the higher exchange capacity reveal that the presence of –H2PO4 groups strongly enhances the sorption properties of titanium phosphate sorbents.

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Daniela Rusanova

Papers

Synthesis, characterization, and sorption properties of amorphous titanium phosphate and silica-modified titanium phosphates.

Mild syntheses and surface characterization of amorphous TiO(OH)(H2PO4)·H2O ion-exchanger

Solid-state 31P CP/MAS and static 65Cu NMR characterization of polycrystalline copper(I) dialkyldithiophosphate clusters

Formation of {Cu6[S2P(OC2H5)2]6} on Cu2S surfaces from aqueous solutions of the KS2P(OC2H5)2 collector: scanning electron microscopy and solid-state 31P cross-polarization/magic angle spinning and static 65Cu NMR studies.

Sorption performances of TiO(OH)(H2PO4)·H2O in synthetic and mine waters