Experimental design in chromatography: a tutorial review.

When micropollutants degrade in the environment, they may form persistent and toxic transformation products, which should be accounted for in the environmental risk assessment of the parent compounds. Transformation products have become a topic of interest not only with regard to their formation in the environment, but also during advanced water treatment processes, where disinfection byproducts can form from benign precursors. In addition, environmental risk assessment of human and veterinary pharmaceuticals requires inclusion of human metabolites as most pharmaceuticals are not excreted into wastewater in their original form, but are extensively metabolized. All three areas have developed their independent approaches to assess the risk associated with transformation product formation including hazard identification, exposure assessment, hazard assessment including dose−response characterization, and risk characterization. This review provides an overview and defines a link among those areas, emphasizing...

Recent Advances in Environmental Risk Assessment of Transformation Products

Environmental chemistry of organosiloxanes.

Phthalate removal throughout wastewater treatment plant: case study of Marne Aval station (France).

The potential cross-contamination of pathogens between clean and contaminated produce in the washing tank is highly dependent on the water quality. Process wash water disinfectants are applied to maintain the water quality during processing. The review examines the efficacy of process wash water disinfectants during produce processing with the aim to prevent cross-contamination of pathogens. Process wash water disinfection requires short contact times so microorganisms are rapidly inactivated. Free chlorine, chlorine dioxide, ozone, and peracetic acid were considered suitable disinfectants. A disinfectant’s reactivity with the organic matter will determine the disinfectant residual, which is of paramount importance for microbial inactivation and should be monitored in situ. Furthermore, the chemical and worker safety, and the legislative framework will determine the suitability of a disinfection technique. Current research often focuses on produce decontamination and to a lesser extent on preventing cross-contamination. Further research on a sanitizer’s efficacy in the washing water is recommended at the laboratory scale, in particular with experimental designs reflecting industrial conditions. Validation on the industrial scale is warranted to better understand the overall effects of a sanitizer.

https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/6884863/file/7153862.pdf

Effect of Disinfectants on Preventing the Cross-Contamination of Pathogens in Fresh Produce Washing Water.

Innovative method for prioritizing emerging disinfection by-products (DBPs) in drinking water on the basis of their potential impact on public health

https://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/5248/1/Sablayrolles_5248.pdf

Development and validation of methods for the trace determination of phthalates in sludge and vegetables

Stir bar sorptive extraction in combination with thermal desorption coupled online to capillary gas chromatography–mass spectrometry was applied to investigate volatile and semivolatile fractions in two waste leachate samples: old and fresh ones. The present study helps to improve our knowledge of waste leachate organic composition. The aim is to then make use of this knowledge afterwards in order to generate more reliable and specific treatment processes for waste leachates and thus to respect the environmental statute law regarding their rejection. The volatile and semivolatile compounds appeared to be mainly anthropogenic in origin. Moreover, lactic acid and cyclic octaatomic sulfur could potentially be used as microbiological activity indicators, since they occur during organic matter degradation processes within waste leachates.

Characterization of volatile and semivolatile compounds in waste landfill leachates using stir bar sorptive extraction–GC/MS

Membrane-assisted solvent extraction was applied for the determination of different classes of compounds in water, having K
 o/w (octanol–water partition coefficient) values between 101 (aniline) and 108 (methyl stearate), by means of experimental designs. Four solvents were investigated—propan-2-ol, ethyl acetate, diisopropyl ether and cyclohexane—as well as extraction time, temperature, salt impact, pH and methanol addition. The best choice was diisopropyl ether, 50 °C, 30 min and an addition of 3 g of sodium chloride at pH 2 for polar compounds. The relative standard deviation (n = 3) was found in the range from 5 to 17%. Recoveries ranged between 34 and 100%. Membrane-assisted solvent extraction was successfully applied to a fast screening method dedicated to an unknown wastewater sample.

Experimental designs dedicated to the evaluation of a membrane extraction method: membrane-assisted solvent extraction for compounds having different polarities by means of gas chromatography-mass detection.

David Benanou

Papers

Innovative method for prioritizing emerging disinfection by-products (DBPs) in drinking water on the basis of their potential impact on public health

Development and validation of methods for the trace determination of phthalates in sludge and vegetables

Characterization of volatile and semivolatile compounds in waste landfill leachates using stir bar sorptive extraction–GC/MS

Experimental designs dedicated to the evaluation of a membrane extraction method: membrane-assisted solvent extraction for compounds having different polarities by means of gas chromatography-mass detection.

On-tap passive enrichment, a new way to investigate off-flavor episodes in drinking water.