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2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC.

https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(12)61728-0.pdf

Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010

https://hull-repository.worktribe.com/preview/1797952/1-s2.0-S0140673618322797-main.pdf

Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Experience and Educationis the best concise statement on education ever published by John Dewey, the man acknowledged to be the pre-eminent educational theorist of the twentieth century. Written more than two decades after Democracy and Education(Dewey's most comprehensive statement of his position in educational philosophy), this book demonstrates how Dewey reformulated his ideas as a result of his intervening experience with the progressive schools and in the light of the criticisms his theories had received. Analysing both "traditional" and "progressive" education, Dr. Dewey here insists that neither the old nor the new education is adequate and that each is miseducative because neither of them applies the principles of a carefully developed philosophy of experience. Many pages of this volume illustrate Dr. Dewey's ideas for a philosophy of experience and its relation to education. He particularly urges that all teachers and educators looking for a new movement in education should think in terms of the deeped and larger issues of education rather than in terms of some divisive "ism" about education, even such an "ism" as "progressivism." His philosophy, here expressed in its most essential, most readable form, predicates an American educational system that respects all sources of experience, on that offers a true learning situation that is both historical and social, both orderly and dynamic.

经验与教育 = Experience and education

INTRODUCTION
This study examined changes in product-related injury morbidity among under-20 Americans between 2001 and 2020.


METHOD
Product-related injury morbidity data came from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS). Using age-standardized morbidity rates, the authors performed Joinpoint regression models to identify time periods with significant changes between 2001 and 2020 and quantified the annual magnitude of morbidity changes with annual percent changes (APCs) in rates and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs).


RESULTS
Age-standardized product-related injury morbidity declined consistently among under-20 Americans from 2001 to 2020 (from 7449.3 to 4023.5 per 100,000 persons; APC = -1.5 %, 95 % CI: -2.3 %, -0.7 %), with the most striking morbidity drop in 2019-2020 (-1576.8 per 100,000 persons). Sports and recreation equipment and home were the most common product and location, respectively, for nonfatal pediatric product-related injuries. Large morbidity differences and varying spectrum by product and by occurring location existed across sex and age groups.


CONCLUSIONS
Product-related injury morbidity declined significantly among under-20 Americans between 2001 and 2020, but large variations remained across sex and age groups.


PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS
Further research is recommended to understand causal factors contributing to the observed decrease in product-related injury morbidity over the past 20 years and to understand product-related injury morbidity disparities across sex and age groups. Understanding of causal factors could lead to implementation of additional interventions to reduce product-related injury among children and adolescents.

Product-related injury morbidity among Americans aged 0-19 years, 2001-2020.

ObjectiveEthical standards state research participation must be voluntary and free of coercion and undue influence, but what if a third party appears to engage in research-relevant coercion, withou...

A “Talent Agency” refers children for research: A case study:

Ethical issues surrounding autonomous vehicles (AVs) have emerged as a classic topic in academic circles. When an AV faces a situation with inevitable casualties, how can the machine make the most ethical decision about who to sacrifice? Does the AV protect its passengers in the AV, or save pedestrians on the roadway? To provide reference for designing moral algorithms that govern AVs, the present study considers the roles of time pressure, pedestrian demographics, and driver demographics on human driver’s moral decision-making. Sixty college students (50% men, mean age = 20.13 years, SD = 1.76) participated in a series of moral decisions involving self- versus other-sacrifice within a virtual reality driving scenario. A 3 (pedestrian age group: child vs middle-age vs elderly) x 2 (pedestrian gender: male vs female) x 2 (time pressure: present vs absent) x 2 (participant gender: male vs female) mixed factorial design was implemented. The results showed that: (1) individuals chose to sacrifice themselves more often than pedestrians, with self-sacrifice more common when faced with child pedestrians and female pedestrians; (2) female participants chose to sacrifice themselves more often than males; and (3) when facing time pressure, individuals chose to sacrifice themselves more than pedestrians, but there was no significant difference between self vs other-sacrifice without time pressure.We concluded that moral decisions when faced with inevitable sacrifice in a simulated traffic situation followed super altruism patterns. Female participants were more deontological in moral judgment and greater priority was given to saving female and child pedestrians in decisions. Further, individual’s decision making under time pressure was more deontic. Results have implications for development of AV machine learning paradigms. 

Who Should We Choose to Sacrifice, Self or Pedestrian? Evaluating Moral Decision-Making in Virtual Reality

Objective Cellphone ubiquity has increased distracted pedestrian behaviour and contributed to growing pedestrian injury rates. A major barrier to large-scale implementation of prevention programmes is unavailable information on potential monetary benefits. We evaluated net economic societal benefits of StreetBit, a programme that reduces distracted pedestrian behaviour by sending warnings from intersection-installed Bluetooth beacons to distracted pedestrians’ smartphones. Methods Three data sources were used as follows: (1) fatal, severe, non-severe pedestrian injury rates from Alabama’s electronic crash reporting system; (2) expected costs per fatal, severe, non-severe pedestrian injury—including medical cost, value of statistical life, work-loss cost, quality-of-life cost—from CDC and (3) prevalence of distracted walking from extant literature. We computed and compared estimated monetary costs of distracted walking in Alabama and monetary benefits from implementing StreetBit to reduce pedestrian injuries at intersections. Results Over 2019–2021, Alabama recorded an annual average of 31 fatal, 83 severe and 115 non-severe pedestrian injuries in intersections. Expected costs/injury were US$11 million, US$339 535 and US$93 877, respectively. The estimated distracted walking prevalence is 25%–40%, and StreetBit demonstrates 19.1% (95% CI 1.6% to 36.0%) reduction. These figures demonstrate potential annual cost savings from using interventions like StreetBit statewide ranging from US$18.1 to US$29 million. Potential costs range from US$3 208 600 (beacons at every-fourth urban intersection) to US$6 359 200 (every other intersection). Conclusions Even under the most parsimonious scenario (25% distracted pedestrians; densest beacon placement), StreetBit yields US$11.8 million estimated net annual benefit to society. Existing data sources can be leveraged to predict net monetary benefits of distracted pedestrian interventions like StreetBit and facilitate large-scale intervention adoption.

Cost–benefit analysis of a distracted pedestrian intervention

Short-term impacts of all-driver handheld cellphone bans on high-schoolers' texting while driving: quasi-experimental analyses of Illinois and Georgia.

David C. Schwebel

Papers

Product-related injury morbidity among Americans aged 0-19 years, 2001-2020.

A “Talent Agency” refers children for research: A case study:

Who Should We Choose to Sacrifice, Self or Pedestrian? Evaluating Moral Decision-Making in Virtual Reality

Cost–benefit analysis of a distracted pedestrian intervention

Short-term impacts of all-driver handheld cellphone bans on high-schoolers' texting while driving: quasi-experimental analyses of Illinois and Georgia.

David C. Schwebel

Papers

Product-related injury morbidity among Americans aged 0-19 years, 2001-2020.

A “Talent Agency” refers children for research: A case study:

Who Should We Choose to Sacrifice, Self or Pedestrian? Evaluating Moral Decision-Making in Virtual Reality

Cost–benefit analysis of a distracted pedestrian intervention

Short-term impacts of all-driver handheld cellphone bans on high-schoolers' texting while driving: quasi-experimental analyses of Illinois and Georgia.

Product-related injury morbidity among Americans aged 0-19 years, 2001-2020.