Photoactivation therapy based on photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT) has been identified as a tumour ablation modality for numerous cancer indications, with photosensitisers and photothermal conversion agents playing important roles in the phototherapy process, especially in recent decades. In addition, the iteration of nanotechnology has strongly promoted the development of phototherapy in tumour treatment. PDT can increase the sensitivity of tumour cells to PTT by interfering with the tumour microenvironment, whereas the heat generated by PTT can increase blood flow, improve oxygen supply and enhance the PDT therapeutic effect. In addition, tumour cell debris generated by phototherapy can serve as tumour-associated antigens, evoking antitumor immune responses. In this review, the research progress of phototherapy, and its research effects in combination with immunotherapy on the treatment of tumours are mainly outlined, and issues that may need continued attention in the future are raised. 

Combined Photodynamic and Photothermal Therapy and Immunotherapy for Cancer Treatment: A Review

Curcumin-loaded multifunctional chitosan gold nanoparticles: An enhanced PDT/PTT dual-modal phototherapeutic and pH-responsive antimicrobial agent.

Simple Summary The use of drugs based on nucleic acids is a promising direction in antitumor therapy. Some modified oligonucleotide analogs, such as antisense oligonucleotides, have been developed and used as innovative therapeutic agents in some areas of medicine. Many ways to build DNA nanomaterials with predefined shape and function characteristics have been designed. Thus, molecules of potent antitumor drugs, including doxorubicin, therapeutic oligonucleotides, and complex nanoparticles, have been loaded into or conjugated with DNA-based nanomaterials. It was found that DNA-based nanomaterials can increase the efficiency of drug uptake by cells. In this review, we would like to draw attention to some DNA-based nanomaterials, such as tetrahedrons, origami, DNA nanotubes, and aptamers, that have been used as carriers, drugs or target molecules for anticancer drug delivery. Abstract DNA nanotechnology has significantly advanced and might be used in biomedical applications, drug delivery, and cancer treatment during the past few decades. DNA nanomaterials are widely used in biomedical research involving biosensing, bioimaging, and drug delivery since they are remarkably addressable and biocompatible. Gradually, modified nucleic acids have begun to be employed to construct multifunctional DNA nanostructures with a variety of architectural designs. Aptamers are single-stranded nucleic acids (both DNAs and RNAs) capable of self-pairing to acquire secondary structure and of specifically binding with the target. Diagnosis and tumor therapy are prospective fields in which aptamers can be applied. Many DNA nanomaterials with three-dimensional structures have been studied as drug delivery systems for different anticancer medications or gene therapy agents. Different chemical alterations can be employed to construct a wide range of modified DNA nanostructures. Chemically altered DNA-based nanomaterials are useful for drug delivery because of their improved stability and inclusion of functional groups. In this work, the most common oligonucleotide nanomaterials were reviewed as modern drug delivery systems in tumor cells.

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David Djuanda

Papers

VEGF aptamer/i-motif-based drug co-delivery system for combined chemotherapy and photodynamic therapy.