1.0. Introduction 4044 2.0. Biomass Chemistry and Growth Rates 4047 2.1. Lignocellulose and Starch-Based Plants 4047 2.2. Triglyceride-Producing Plants 4049 2.3. Algae 4050 2.4. Terpenes and Rubber-Producing Plants 4052 3.0. Biomass Gasification 4052 3.1. Gasification Chemistry 4052 3.2. Gasification Reactors 4054 3.3. Supercritical Gasification 4054 3.4. Solar Gasification 4055 3.5. Gas Conditioning 4055 4.0. Syn-Gas Utilization 4056 4.1. Hydrogen Production by Water−Gas Shift Reaction 4056

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Synthesis of transportation fuels from biomass: chemistry, catalysts, and engineering.

Inhibition of anaerobic digestion process: A review

Modeling chemical and physical processes of wood and biomass pyrolysis

Fossil fuel consumption in transportation system and energy-intensive sectors as the principal pillar of civilization is associated with progressive release of greenhouse gases. Hydrogen as a promising energy carrier is a perfect candidate to supply the energy demand of the world and concomitantly reduce toxic emissions. This article gives an overview of the state-of-the-art hydrogen production technologies using renewable and sustainable energy resources. Hydrogen from supercritical water gasification (SCWG) of biomass is the most cost effective thermochemical process. Highly moisturized biomass is utilized directly in SCWG without any high cost drying process. In SCWG, hydrogen is produced at high pressure and small amount of energy is required to pressurize hydrogen in the storage tank. Tar and char formation decreases drastically in biomass SCWG. The low efficiency of solar to hydrogen system as well as expensive photovoltaic cell are the most important barriers for the widespread commercial development of solar-based hydrogen production. Since electricity costs play a crucial role on the final hydrogen price, to generate carbon free hydrogen from solar and wind energy at a competitive price with fossil fuels, the electrical energy cost should be four times less than commercial electricity prices.

Hydrogen production from renewable and sustainable energy resources: Promising green energy carrier for clean development

Tar formation is one of the major problems to deal with during biomass gasification. Tar condenses at reduced temperature, thus blocking and fouling process equipments such as engines and turbines. Considerable efforts have been directed on tar removal from fuel gas. Tar removal technologies can broadly be divided into two approaches; hot gas cleaning after the gasifier (secondary methods), and treatments inside the gasifier (primary methods). Although secondary methods are proven to be effective, treatments inside the gasifier are gaining much attention as these may eliminate the need for downstream cleanup. In primary treatment, the gasifier is optimized to produce a fuel gas with minimum tar concentration. The different approaches of primary treatment are (a) proper selection of operating parameters, (b) use of bed additive/catalyst, and (c) gasifier modifications. The operating parameters such as temperature, gasifying agent, equivalence ratio, residence time, etc. play an important role in formation and decomposition of tar. There is a potential of using some active bed additives such as dolomite, olivine, char, etc. inside the gasifier. Ni-based catalyst are reported to be very effective not only for tar reduction, but also for decreasing the amount of nitrogenous compounds such as ammonia. Also, reactor modification can improve the quality of the product gas. The concepts of two-stage gasification and secondary air injection in the gasifier are of prime importance. Some aspects of primary methods and the research and development in this area are reviewed and cited in the present paper.

A review of the primary measures for tar elimination in biomass gasification processes

Review of literature on catalysts for biomass gasification

Advances in poultry litter disposal technology--a review.

Investigation of nickel supported catalysts for the upgrading of brown peat derived gasification products

We have used a variety of microscopy and spectroscopy techniques to study the crystal interior of l-glutamic acid (l-Glu) during a solvent-mediated polymorphic transformation process. Remarkably, we have found the encapsulation of the stable form of l-Glu within the metastable form. In particular, we have verified the encapsulation using the novel approach of focused ion beam microscopy, which although extensively used in the semiconductor industry, has not previously been used in the study of polymorphism. It has long been predicted that during cooling crystallization, nucleation of more than one polymorph can occur at any one time, if the solution is supersaturated with respect to more than one form. This work presents experimental evidence to support this hypothesis. On the basis of these results, we propose a new mechanism for polymorphic transformation, with implications for the crystal growth of every compound that exhibits polymorphism.

David Sutton

Papers

Review of literature on catalysts for biomass gasification

Advances in poultry litter disposal technology--a review.

Investigation of nickel supported catalysts for the upgrading of brown peat derived gasification products

Inclusion of the Stable Form of a Polymorph within Crystals of Its Metastable Form

The CO2 reforming of the hydrocarbons present in a model gas stream over selected catalysts