Electrochemistry represents one of the most intimate ways of interacting with molecules. This review discusses advances in synthetic organic electrochemistry since 2000. Enabling methods and synthetic applications are analyzed alongside innate advantages as well as future challenges of electroorganic chemistry.

Synthetic Organic Electrochemical Methods Since 2000: On the Verge of a Renaissance

http://scheikundeinbedrijf.nl/content/modules/modulenaam/files/b713736m.pdf

The E Factor: fifteen years on

In this tutorial review, the fundamental concepts underlying the principles of green and sustainable chemistry - atom and step economy and the E factor - are presented, within the general context of efficiency in organic synthesis. The importance of waste minimisation through the widespread application of catalysis in all its forms – homogeneous, heterogeneous, organocatalysis and biocatalysis – is discussed. These general principles are illustrated with simple practical examples, such as alcohol oxidation and carbonylation and the asymmetric reduction of ketones. The latter reaction is exemplified by a three enzyme process for the production of a key intermediate in the synthesis of the cholesterol lowering agent, atorvastatin. The immobilisation of enzymes as cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs) as a means of optimizing operational performance is presented. The use of immobilised enzymes in catalytic cascade processes is illustrated with a trienzymatic process for the conversion of benzaldehyde to (S)-mandelic acid using a combi-CLEA containing three enzymes. Finally, the transition from fossil-based chemicals manufacture to a more sustainable biomass-based production is discussed.

http://www.industrialgreenchem.com/pdf-docs/abstracts/roger-sheldon.pdf

Fundamentals of green chemistry: efficiency in reaction design

4.2. Solid-Supported Electrolytes 2280 4.3. Solid-Supported Mediators 2282 4.4. Supported Substrate-Product Capture 2283 4.5. A Unique Electrolyte/Solvent System 2285 5. Reaction Conditions 2285 5.1. Supercritical Fluids 2285 5.1.1. Electrochemical Properties of scCO2 2285 5.1.2. Electroreductive Carboxylation in scCO2 2286 5.1.3. Electrochemical Polymerization in scCO2 2286 5.2. The Cation-Pool Method 2286 5.2.1. Generation of N-Acyliminium Ion Pools 2286 5.2.2. Generation of Alkoxycarbenium Ion Pools 2287 5.2.3. Generation of Diarylcarbenium Ion Pools 2288 5.2.4. Generation of Other Cation Pools 2289 6. Electrochemical Devices 2289 6.1. Electrode Materials 2289 6.2. Ultrasound and Centrifugal Fields 2290 6.3. Electrochemical Microflow Systems 2290 7. Combinatorial Electrochemical Synthesis 2292 7.1. Parallel Electrolysis Using a Macrosystem 2292 7.2. Parallel Electrolysis Using a Microsystem 2293 7.3. Serial Electrolysis Using a Microsystem 2294 8. Conclusions 2294 9. Acknowledgments 2294 10. References 2294

Modern Strategies in Electroorganic Synthesis

E factors, green chemistry and catalysis: an odyssey

Toward a ‘reagent-free’ synthesis

Studies on inducers of nerve growth factor: synthesis of the cyathin core.

Selective electrochemical reduction of cinnamyl ethers in the presence of other allylic CO bonds

Model Study for a General Approach to Morphine and Noroxymorphone via a Rare Heck Cyclization

3-(2-{6S-(2-Bromo-6-methoxyphenoxy)-5S-[tert-butyl(dimethyl)silyloxy)cyclohex-1-en-1-yl}ethyl)oxazol-2(3H)-one 14 was subjected to Heck cyclization conditions to afford diben- zofuran derivative 16. The comparison of stepwise vs cascade approaches to 8 via radical, cationic, and Heck-type cyclizations is discussed.

Dean A. Frey

Papers

Toward a ‘reagent-free’ synthesis

Studies on inducers of nerve growth factor: synthesis of the cyathin core.

Selective electrochemical reduction of cinnamyl ethers in the presence of other allylic CO bonds

Model Study for a General Approach to Morphine and Noroxymorphone via a Rare Heck Cyclization

Comparison of Approaches to ent-Morphine via Radical, Cationic, and Heck-Type Cyclizations