THE DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTS. By Oscar Kempthorne. New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1952. 631 pp. $8.50. This book by a teacher of statistics (as well as a consultant for \"experimenters\") is a comprehensive study of the philosophical background for the statistical design of experiment. It is necessary to have some facility with algebraic notation and manipulation to be able to use the volume intelligently. The problems are presented from the theoretical point of view, without such practical examples as would be helpful for those not acquainted with mathematics. The mathematical justification for the techniques is given. As a somewhat advanced treatment of the design and analysis of experiments, this volume will be interesting and helpful for many who approach statistics theoretically as well as practically. With emphasis on the \"why,\" and with description given broadly, the author relates the subject matter to the general theory of statistics and to the general problem of experimental inference. MARGARET J. ROBERTSON

The Design and Analysis of Experiments

Nanocellulose, a tiny fiber with huge applications

Potential materials for food packaging from nanoclay/natural fibres filled hybrid composites

The transition from a fossil fuel-based economy to a bio-based economy necessitates the exploitation of synergies, scientific innovations and breakthroughs, and step changes in the infrastructure of chemical industry. Sustainable production of chemicals and biopolymers should be dependent entirely on renewable carbon. White biotechnology could provide the necessary tools for the evolution of microbial bioconversion into a key unit operation in future biorefineries. Waste and by-product streams from existing industrial sectors (e.g., food industry, pulp and paper industry, biodiesel and bioethanol production) could be used as renewable resources for both biorefinery development and production of nutrient-complete fermentation feedstocks. This review focuses on the potential of utilizing waste and by-product streams from current industrial activities for the production of chemicals and biopolymers via microbial bioconversion. The first part of this review presents the current status and prospects on fermentative production of important platform chemicals (i.e., selected C2-C6 metabolic products and single cell oil) and biopolymers (i.e., polyhydroxyalkanoates and bacterial cellulose). In the second part, the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of waste and by-product streams from existing industrial sectors are presented. In the third part, the techno-economic aspects of bioconversion processes are critically reviewed. Four case studies showing the potential of case-specific waste and by-product streams for the production of succinic acid and polyhydroxyalkanoates are presented. It is evident that fermentative production of chemicals and biopolymers via refining of waste and by-product streams is a highly important research area with significant prospects for industrial applications.

Valorization of industrial waste and by-product streams via fermentation for the production of chemicals and biopolymers

Topics in current chemistry

BACKGROUND
Lubricants manufactured conventionally from non-renewable mineral oil resources are not biodegradable and are liable to cause adverse environmental impacts. Biodegradable vegetable oils present a promising lubricant feedstock alternative. Waste cooking oil (WCO), which otherwise finds no immediate potential utilization can be successfully used to synthesize bio-lubricant. A novel synthetic method was developed by using the two-step process of C. rugosa lipase-mediated hydrolysis of WCO to free fatty acids (FFA) followed by Amberlyst 15H esterification of FFA with octanol. The octyl esters produced was the desired biolubricant.

RESULTS
The effect of different physico-chemical parameters like temperature, catalyst loading, agitation speed, molar ratio of octanol:FFA and the presence of different desiccants on the esterification reaction was examined. The optimum conditions to get maximum yield of biolubricant in minimum time were, octanol:FFA molar ratio = 3:1, temperature = 80 °C, catalyst = 2 g and desiccant (preferably silica gel powder) = 50% weight of FFA. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed that the product formed was ester.

CONCLUSION
Biolubricant (octyl esters) was prepared efficiently from WCO by the two-step process developed. This novel approach represents a viable means of producing lubricants from wastes which are renewable in nature and can be an alternative to non-renewable mineral oil feedstocks. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry

Biolubricant synthesis from waste cooking oil via enzymatic hydrolysis followed by chemical esterification

Optimization of the production parameters of octyl ester biolubricant using Taguchi's design method and physico-chemical characterization of the product

The effect of crosslinkers on the biodegradation behavior of starch/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) blend films was investigated by weight loss study, Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Starch/PVA films were prepared by solution casting method and 5 weight% of four different crosslinking agents like epichlorohydrin, formaldehyde, zinc oxide and borax were used in four different sets to crosslink the films. These crosslinked starch/PVA films were biodegraded in compost. Weight loss study showed that crosslinking retarded the biodegradation of the films in the first 15 days, but after that, there was a significant increase in weight loss. The DSC analysis revealed that the consumption of starch and consequent rearrangement of the PVA molecules were distinctly different in the crosslinked films due to the effect of different crosslinking agents.

Role of Crosslinker on the Biodegradation Behavior of Starch/Polyvinylalcohol Blend Films

Biodegradation behaviour of PMMA/cellulose nanocomposites prepared by in-situ polymerization and ex-situ dispersion methods

Worldwide concerns over the environment have stimulated increasing interest both in academic and industry for the deep desulfurization of gasoline. Due to some inherent disadvantages associated with the conventional hydrodesulfurization, several non-conventional techniques are being tried by researchers. Pervaporation is such a recently developed technology for gasoline desulfurization. Its efficiency has attracted worldwide attention. Compared with conventional sulfur removal technology for gasoline, pervaporation exhibits advantages of little reduction of octane number, low energy consumption, environmental benefits, simple operation, and easy scale-up. The advances of pervaporative operation for gasoline desulfurization are reviewed in this paper. The membrane materials used for desulfurization include polysiloxane, poly(ethylene glycol), polyimide, polyurethane and organic-inorganic hybrid membranes. Analysis of the selectivity–permeability with varying feed composition and operating parameters are in...

Debarati Mitra

Papers

Biolubricant synthesis from waste cooking oil via enzymatic hydrolysis followed by chemical esterification

Optimization of the production parameters of octyl ester biolubricant using Taguchi's design method and physico-chemical characterization of the product

Role of Crosslinker on the Biodegradation Behavior of Starch/Polyvinylalcohol Blend Films

Biodegradation behaviour of PMMA/cellulose nanocomposites prepared by in-situ polymerization and ex-situ dispersion methods

Desulfurization of Gasoline by Pervaporation