https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.2307%2F3343168.pdf

Development as Freedom

From the Publisher:
The old opposition of matter versus mind stubbornly persists in the way we study mind and brain. In treating cognition as problem solving, Andy Clark suggests, we may often abstract too far from the very body and world in which our brains evolved to guide us. Whereas the mental has been treated as a realm that is distinct from the body and the world, Clark forcefully attests that a key to understanding brains is to see them as controllers of embodied activity. From this paradigm shift he advances the construction of a cognitive science of the embodied mind.

/pdf/being-there-putting-brain-body-and-world-together-again-31tt4y51ml.pdf

Being There: Putting Brain, Body, and World Together Again

Extensive empirical evidence and theoretical developments in multiple disciplines stimulate a need to expand the range of rational choice models to be used as a foundation for the study of social dilemmas and collective action. After an introduction to the problem of overcoming social dilemmas through collective action, the remainder of this article is divided into six sections. The first briefly reviews the theoretical predictions of currently accepted rational choice theory related to social dilemmas. The second section summarizes the challenges to the sole reliance on a complete model of rationality presented by extensive experimental research. In the third section, I discuss two major empirical findings that begin to show how individuals achieve results that are “better than rational” by building conditions where reciprocity, reputation, and trust can help to overcome the strong temptations of short-run self-interest. The fourth section raises the possibility of developing second-generation models of rationality, the fifth section develops an initial theoretical scenario, and the final section concludes by examining the implications of placing reciprocity, reputation, and trust at the core of an empirically tested, behavioral theory of collective action.

/pdf/a-behavioral-approach-to-the-rational-choice-theory-of-25pyb8tyg1.pdf

A Behavioral Approach to the Rational Choice Theory of Collective Action: Presidential Address, American Political Science Association, 1997

Contemporary research on the outcomes of diverse institutional arrangements for governing common-pool resources (CPRs ) and public goods at multiple scales builds on classical economic theory while developing new theory to explain phenomena that do not fit in a dichotomous world of “the market” and “the state.” Scholars are slowly shifting from positing simple systems to using more complex frameworks, theories, and models to understand the diversity of puzzles and problems facing humans interacting in contemporary societies. The humans we study have complex motivational structures and establish diverse private-for-profit, governmental, and com munity institutional arrangements that operate at multiple scales to generate productive and inno vative as well as destructive and perverse outcomes ( Douglass C. North 1990, 2005 ). In this article, I will describe the intellectual journey that I have taken the last half century from when I began graduate studies in the late 1950s. The early efforts to understand the poly centric water industry in California were formative for me. In addition to working with Vincent Ostrom and Charles M. Tiebout as they formulated the concept of polycentric systems for gov erning metropolitan areas, I studied the efforts of a large group of private and public water producers facing the problem of an overdrafted groundwater basin on the coast and watching saltwater intrusion threaten the possibility of long term use. Then, in the 1970s, I participated with colleagues in the study of polycentric police industries serving US metropolitan areas to find that the dominant theory underlying massive reform proposals was incorrect. Metropolitan areas served by a combination of large and small producers could achieve economies of scale in the production of some police services and avoid diseconomies of scale in the production of others. These early empirical studies led over time to the development of the Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) framework. A common framework consistent with game theory enabled us to undertake a variety of empirical studies including a meta-analysis of a large number of existing case studies on common-pool resource systems around the world. Carefully designed experimental studies in the lab have enabled us to test precise combinations of structural vari ables to find that isolated, anonymous individuals overharvest from common-pool resources. Simply allowing communication, or “cheap talk,” enables participants to reduce overharvest ing and increase joint payoffs contrary to game theoretical predictions. Large studies of irrigation systems in Nepal and forests around the world challenge the presumption that governments always do a better job than users in organizing and protecting important resources.

/pdf/beyond-markets-and-states-polycentric-governance-of-complex-23y9ii9i6l.pdf

Beyond Markets and States: Polycentric Governance of Complex Economic Systems

Capitalism and Freedom

Chapter 1 Introduction: Philosophy and Feminism Chapter 2 Feminism and Autonomy Chapter 3 Oppression and Victimization: Choice and Responsibility Chapter 4 Right-Wing Women: Causes, Choices, and Blaming the Victim Chapter 5 Sexual Harassment, the Acquiescent Plaintiff and the "Unwelcomeness" Requirement Chapter 6 Women, Equality, and the Military Chapter 7 New Reproductive Technologies Chapter 8 Markets in Women's Reproductive Labor Chapter 9 Privacy and Reproductive Liberty Chapter 10 Coerced Birth Control and Sexual Discrimination Chapter 11 Is IVF Research a Threat to Women's Autonomy? Chapter 12 To Be or Not Be a Woman: Anorexia Nervosa, Normative Gender Roles, and Feminism Chapter 13 Women and the Knife: Cosmetic Surgery and the Colonization of Women's Bodies Chapter 14 Beauty's Punishment: How Feminists Look at Pornography Chapter 15 Feminine Masochism and the Politics of Personal Transformation

'Nagging' Questions: Feminist Ethics in Everyday Life

Countering the Wrongs of the Past

Response to open peer commentaries on "Thinking about the human neuron mouse".

It is well known that there are large differences in the per capita income levels of the world's states. While a few poor countries are catching up with the rich world, for some countries, the gaps are growing wider. Most of this global inequality is between countries, not within them. In other words, even if income were equalized within countries, a large part of the gap in average income levels between countries would remain.At the same time, the majority of movements in the wealthier countries for greater distributive equality have tended to focus on inequalities within their own borders: on issues such as raising minimum wages, changing the domestic tax rate, and ending national health disparities. This state-centric focus is frequently justified in moral terms. It is a familiar claim, for example, that we have special obligations to our own citizens and that these obligations are both weightier and more extensive than our obligations to strangers outside our borders.

Ideals of Egalitarianism and Sufficiency Global Justice

C hanges in law, technology, and social norms have significantly expanded the possible ways of becoming and of being a family. Since 1978, when the first test-tube baby was born, individuals have been able to become parents by in vitro fertilization (IVF), egg donation, sperm donation, and gestational and nongestational surrogacy, as well as by adoption (which itself can take various forms, including stepparent adoption, second parent adoption, open adoption, foster care adoption, and transracial and transnational adoption). Families can be constituted by cohabitation, blending, and by gay and lesbian couples, as well as by single parents. Fewer than 50 percent of U.S. families are “traditional,” defined here as married man and woman living with their biological children. The social practices of many families do not match either the legal definitions of family or the laws that enforce family roles. Observers hold different views of this transformation of the boundaries of family. To some people the rise of diversity among and within families heralds a world of increased freedom and individual empowerment, while to others it signifies a world without order or meaning and with little security for children. Feminist theory examines the family through the lenses of gender oppression and gender injustice. Feminists have explored the ways in which the restrictive view of the traditional family is tied to the ideology of the “natural family,” which justified the gendered division of labor and the subordination of women to men in marriage (Rich 1983). Yet while feminists have welcomed challenges to the patriarchal family of the past, we too are divided about how to view some of the new choices that have been opened up to individuals. Consider such questions as the following: Should there be a legal market in eggs and procreation? Should couples

https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/508232

Debra Satz

Papers

'Nagging' Questions: Feminist Ethics in Everyday Life

Countering the Wrongs of the Past

Response to open peer commentaries on "Thinking about the human neuron mouse".

Ideals of Egalitarianism and Sufficiency Global Justice

Remaking Families: A Review Essay