http://www.cogsci.bme.hu/~ktkuser/PHD_iskola/docs/kgy/faceofconfigproc02.pdf

The many faces of configural processing

OBJECTIVE: To review the relationship between literacy and health outcomes DATA SOURCES: We searched MEDLINE, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health (CINAHL), Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC), Public Affairs Information Service (PAIS), Industrial and Labor Relations Review (ILLR), PsychInfo, and Ageline from 1980 to 2003 STUDY SELECTION: We included observational studies that reported original data, measured literacy with any valid instrument, and measured one or more health outcomes Two abstractors reviewed each study for inclusion and resolved disagreements by discussion DATA EXTRACTION: One reviewer abstracted data from each article into an evidence table; the second reviewer checked each entry The whole study team reconciled disagreements about information in evidence tables Both data extractors independently completed an 11-item quality scale for each article; scores were averaged to give a final measure of article quality DATA SYNTHESIS: We reviewed 3,015 titles and abstracts and pulled 684 articles for full review; 73 articles met inclusion criteria and, of those, 44 addressed the questions of this report Patients with low literacy had poorer health outcomes, including knowledge, intermediate disease markers, measures of morbidity, general health status, and use of health resources Patients with low literacy were generally 15 to 3 times more likely to experience a given poor outcome The average quality of the articles was fair to good Most studies were cross-sectional in design; many failed to address adequately confounding and the use of multiple comparisons CONCLUSIONS: Low literacy is associated with several adverse health outcomes Future research, using more rigorous methods, will better define these relationships and guide developers of new interventions

/pdf/literacy-and-health-outcomes-4pmopsjgz6.pdf

Literacy and health outcomes

https://research.vu.nl/ws/files/1905528/Farone%20World%20Psychiatry%202(2)%202003%20u.pdf

The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: is it an American condition?

Humans can recognize the gist of a novel image in a single glance, independent of its complexity. How is this remarkable feat accomplished? On the basis of behavioral and computational evidence, this paper describes a formal approach to the representation and the mechanism of scene gist understanding, based on scene-centered, rather than object-centered primitives. We show that the structure of a scene image can be estimated by the mean of global image features, providing a statistical summary of the spatial layout properties (Spatial Envelope representation) of the scene. Global features are based on configurations of spatial scales and are estimated without invoking segmentation or grouping operations. The scene-centered approach is not an alternative to local image analysis but would serve as a feed-forward and parallel pathway of visual processing, able to quickly constrain local feature analysis and enhance object recognition in cluttered natural scenes.

/pdf/building-the-gist-of-a-scene-the-role-of-global-image-4yx9upzmu9.pdf

Building the gist of a scene: the role of global image features in recognition.

This study aimed to characterize the neural generators of the early components of the visual evoked potential (VEP) to isoluminant checkerboard stimuli. Multichannel scalp recordings, retinotopic mapping and dipole modeling techniques were used to estimate the locations of the cortical sources giving rise to the early C1, P1, and N1 components. Dipole locations were matched to anatomical brain regions visualized in structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and to functional MRI (fMRI) activations elicited by the same stimuli. These converging methods confirmed previous reports that the C1 component (onset latency 55 msec; peak latency 90-92 msec) was generated in the primary visual area (striate cortex; area 17). The early phase of the P1 component (onset latency 72-80 msec; peak latency 98-110 msec) was localized to sources in dorsal extrastriate cortex of the middle occipital gyrus, while the late phase of the P1 component (onset latency 110-120 msec; peak latency 136-146 msec) was localized to ventral extrastriate cortex of the fusiform gyrus. Among the N1 subcomponents, the posterior N150 could be accounted for by the same dipolar source as the early P1, while the anterior N155 was localized to a deep source in the parietal lobe. These findings clarify the anatomical origin of these VEP components, which have been studied extensively in relation to visual-perceptual processes.

/pdf/cortical-sources-of-the-early-components-of-the-visual-2fmbwh0uuy.pdf

Cortical sources of the early components of the visual evoked potential

If face images are degraded by block averaging, there is a nonlinear decline in recognition accuracy as block size increases, suggesting that identification requires a critical minimum range of object spatial frequencies. The identification of faces was measured with equivalent Fourier low-pass filtering and block averaging preserving the same information and with high-pass transformations. In Experiment 1, accuracy declined and response time increased in a significant nonlinear manner in all cases as the spatial-frequency range was reduced. However, it did so at a faster rate for the quantized and high-passed images. A second experiment controlled for the differences in the contrast of the high-pass faces and found a reduced but significant and nonlinear decline in performance as the spatial-frequency range was reduced. These data suggest that face identification is preferentially supported by a band of spatial frequencies of approximately 8-16 cycles per face; contrast or line-based explanations were found to be inadequate. The data are discussed in terms of current models of face identification.

/pdf/effects-of-high-pass-and-low-pass-spatial-filtering-on-face-vw9z5jto2z.pdf

Effects of high-pass and low-pass spatial filtering on face identification

Nelson (1982) presented regression equations for the prediction of Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) IQ from performance on the National Adult Reading Test (NART). In a cross-validation sample (n = 151) these equations predicted 66, 72 and 33 per cent of the variance in WAIS Full Scale, Verbal and Performance IQ respectively. There were no ceiling or floor effects in the relationship between NART performance and WAIS IQ despite the wide IQ range of the sample. The standardization and cross-validation samples were combined (n = 271) to generate new regression equations. These equations should be used in preference to the original equations as they are based on a larger sample with a wider IQ and age range. Combining NART and Schonell Graded Word Reading Test errors did not improve IQ prediction in poor readers. A detailed examination of the NART's test—retest and inter-rater reliability was also conducted.

Prediction of WAIS IQ with the National Adult Reading Test: Cross‐validation and extension

J. Crawford, D. Parker, Introduction. E. Miller, Some Basic Principles of Neuropsychological Assessment. J. Crawford, Current and Premorbid Intelligence Measures in Neuropsychological Assessment. M. Annett, Assessment of Laterality. A. Mayes, R, Warburg, Memory Assessment in Clinical Practice and Research. A. Hickox, Dr. A. Sunderland, Questionnaire and Checklist Approaches to Assessment of Everyday Memory Problems. J.G. Beaumont, J.B. Davidoff, Assessment of Visuo-Perceptual Dysfunction. H.D. Ellis, Assessments of Deficits in Facial Processing. P. Halligan, I.H. Robertson, The Assessment of Unilateral Neglect. S. Walker, Assessment of Language Dysfunction. P.H.K. Seymour, The Assessment of Reading Disorders. A.H. van Zomeren, W.H. Brouwer, Assessment of Attention. D.M. Parker, J. Crawford, Assessment of Frontal Lobe Dysfunction. R.G. Morris, M.D. Kopelman, The Neuropsychological Assessment of Dementia. J.T.L. Wilson, K.D. Wiedmann, Neuropsychological Assessment in Alcohol and Drug Abuse and Toxic Conditions. C. Skilbeck, Neuropsychological Assessment in Stroke. W.W. McKinlay, J.M. Gray, Assessment of the Severely Head Injured. W.W. McKinlay, Assessment of the Head Injured for Compensation. M.D. Rugg, Event-Related Potentials in Clinical Neuropsychology. S.L. Wilson, T.M. McMillan, Computer-Based Assessment in Neuropsychology.

A Handbook Of Neuropsychological Assessment

Latency changes in the human visual evoked response to sinusoidal gratings.

It has recently become apparent that if face images are degraded by spatial quantisation, or block averaging, there is a nonlinear acceleration of the decline in accuracy of recognition as block size increases. This suggests recognition requires a critical minimum range of object spatial frequencies. Two experiments were performed to clarify the phenomenon. In experiment 1, the speed and accuracy of recognition for six frontoparallel photographs of faces were measured. After familiarisation training sessions, the images were shown for 100 ms with 11, 21, and 42 pixels per face, horizontally measured. Transformations calculated to remove the same range of spatial frequencies were performed by means of quantisation, a Fourier low-pass filter, and Gaussian blurring. Although accuracy declined and speed increased in a significant, nonlinear manner in all cases as the image quality was reduced, it did so at a faster rate for the quantised images. In experiment 2, faces rated as being typical were shown at 9, 12, 23, and 45 pixels per face and with appropriate Fourier low-pass versions. The nonlinear decline was confirmed and it was shown that it could not be attributed to a ceiling effect. A further condition allowed quantised and Fourier low-pass conditions to be compared with an unstructured-noise condition of equal strength to that of the quantised images. These gave comparable, but slightly less impaired, recognition than the quantised images. It can be inferred from these results that the removal of a critical range of at least 8-16 cycles per face of information explains the step decline in recognition seen with quantised images. However, the decline found with quantised images is reinforced by internal masking from pixelisation.

Denis M. Parker

Papers

Effects of high-pass and low-pass spatial filtering on face identification

Prediction of WAIS IQ with the National Adult Reading Test: Cross‐validation and extension

A Handbook Of Neuropsychological Assessment

Latency changes in the human visual evoked response to sinusoidal gratings.

Spatial content and spatial quantisation effects in face recognition.