Smart grid is a promising power delivery infrastructure integrated with communication and information technologies. Its bi-directional communication and electricity flow enable both utilities and customers to monitor, predict, and manage energy usage. It also advances energy and environmental sustainability through the integration of vast distributed energy resources. Deploying such a green electric system has enormous and far-reaching economic and social benefits. Nevertheless, increased interconnection and integration also introduce cyber-vulnerabilities into the grid. Failure to address these problems will hinder the modernization of the existing power system. In order to build a reliable smart grid, an overview of relevant cyber security and privacy issues is presented. Based on current literatures, several potential research fields are discussed at the end of this paper.

https://repository.um.edu.mo/bitstream/10692/2883/3/Liu-2012-Cyber-security-and-privacy-issues-i.pdf

Cyber Security and Privacy Issues in Smart Grids

One embodiment of the present invention provides a system for controlling the spread of interests and content in a content centric network (CCN). During operation, the system maintains a routing policy for content data. The system also receives a packet associated with a piece of content or an interest for the content. Next, the system determines that the structured name included in the packet is within the namespace specified in the routing policy. The system further determines that the packet satisfies the condition in the routing policy. Subsequently, the system routes the packet based on in part the action corresponding to the condition as specified in the routing policy.

Controlling the spread of interests and content in a content centric network

One embodiment provides a system that forwards a packet with a hierarchically structured variable-length identifier (HSVLI) in a network. An HSVLI indicates a piece of content and indicates a hierarchical structure of contiguous components ordered from a most general level to a most specific level. The length of the HSVLI is not fixed. During operation, the system receives a packet which contains an interest for a piece of content with an HSVLI. Subsequently, the system determines forwarding information for the HSVLI based on one or more of: knowledge of content which matches the HSVLI, a forwarding policy, and contextual information about the network. Next, the system configures a forwarding engine with the forwarding information. The system then forwards the packet based on the forwarding information.

Adaptive multi-interface use for content networking

A name-based content-forwarding system generates an ordered-element name for a content item, and can process an interest to identify and perform an action that satisfies the interest. To generate the ordered-element name, the system generates one or more fixed-length elements for a content item, such that each fixed-length element of the ordered-element name is mapped to the content item or to a context associated with the content item. The system then generates the ordered-element name to include the one or more fixed-length elements so that the name elements are ordered from a highest matching priority to a lowest matching priority. The system can also generate a packet that includes the ordered-element name for the content item, and sends the packet to a target location that corresponds to the ordered-element name.

Ordered-element naming for name-based packet forwarding

System and method for strategic routing in a peer-to-peer environment

Endpoints are enabled to facilitate desktop and/or application sharing in enhanced communication systems using Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) and Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) protocols by tunneling RDP packets through an Interactive Connection Establishment (ICE) channel built-in within the Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP), thus allowing RDP sessions to traverse Network Address Translators (NATs) or firewalls.

Tunneling of remote desktop sessions through firewalls

Peer to peer (P2P) networks offer higher robustness against failure, easier configuration and are generally more economical as compared to their client-server counterparts. This has made it reasonable for resource consuming and typically centralized applications like voice over IP (VoIP) and, in general, real-time communication to adapt and exploit the benefits of P2P. Such a migration needs to address a new set of P2P specific security problems. We go over some of the known issues found in common P2P networks. We then analyze the relevance of such issues and the applicability of existing solutions when using P2P architectures for real-time communication.

Peer-to-peer overlays for real-time communication: security issues and solutions

Architecture for seamless role switching in application sharing. A multipoint control unit (MCU) can be used for connecting multiple clients over a network. An application sharing component establishes an application sharing session over the MCU, and application content is exchanged from a sharer client to one or more viewer clients. Each client can communicate a media connection preference to the session. Client sharer and viewer roles are defined during creation of the application sharing session. A client can seamlessly switch roles during the session from a viewer to a sharer, and vice-versa, so that different application content can be shared to the session viewers. The session can be restricted to only one sharer so that the viewing clients view one sharer client at a time.

Signaling support for sharer switching in application sharing

e18654 Background: Historically, racial and ethnic minorities, women, and older patients have been underrepresented in RCTs. Hence, therapeutics are approved based on data not representative of the broader population, leaving important gaps in knowledge of safety and effectiveness. RWE may help address these gaps and inform regulatory, clinical, payer, and manufacturer decision-making. Racial, sex at birth, and age distributions were compared between RWE studies and a corresponding RCT in the aNSCLC setting. Additionally, RCT data were compared to SEER aNSCLC data. Methods: Demographics of adults with aNSCLC in the KEYNOTE-407 RCT were compared with those of adults in two physician-abstracted medical chart review US RWE studies conducted in 2019 or 2020 or with the most recently available US SEER data (2017-2019). Statistical comparisons were performed using t-tests or chi square tests. Results: We identified 10,089 patients (RCT: n = 559, 5.5%; RWE: n = 783, 7.8%; SEER: n = 8,747, 86.7%) (Table). Significant differences in racial distribution were observed between the RCT and RWE study populations, with Black/African American patients comprising 1.3% of RCT patients and 24.0% of the RWE study population. Non-Hispanic Black patients made up 12.8% of SEER patients. The proportion of female patients was lower in the RCT (18.6%) compared with RWE (40.5%) and SEER (36.7%) data. Age at 1L initiation was significantly lower for RCT patients vs. age at metastatic diagnosis in SEER (mean: 64.7 vs. 70.0 years). However, no statistically significant difference in age at 1L initiation was observed between RCT and RWE data (64.9 vs. 64.7 years). Conclusions: In aNSCLC, significant differences in sex at birth and race were observed between RCT and RWE study populations. Additionally, significant differences in sex at birth and age were observed between RCT and SEER data. Given that regulatory, therapeutic development, clinical, payer, and decision-making is largely driven by data from RCTs, future research can leverage RWE to improve representativeness and generalizability. [Table: see text]

Differences in racial and sex at birth representativeness between randomized controlled trial (RCT) and real-world evidence (RWE) or Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) datasets in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (aNSCLC).

OBJECTIVES
Recent advances have created options for first-line (1L) treatment of advanced/metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (aNSCLC). The study objectives were to describe the utilization of 3 classes of 1L treatment-chemotherapy (CT), immunotherapy (IO), and chemoimmunotherapy (IO+CT)-and the total, third-party payer, direct health care costs.


STUDY DESIGN
Retrospective, administrative claims database analysis of patients with aNSCLC who initiated 1L treatment between January 1, 2017, and May 31, 2019, with IO, CT, or IO+CT.


METHODS
Microcosting enumerated health care resource utilization, including antineoplastic drug costs, using standardized costs. Generalized linear models estimated per-patient per-month (PPPM) costs during 1L treatment, and adjusted cost differences in 1L among treatment cohorts were calculated using recycled predictions.


RESULTS
A total of 1317 IO-, 5315 CT-, and 1522 IO+CT-treated patients were identified. Utilization of CT declined from 72.3% to 47.6% between 2017 and 2019, replaced by use of IO+CT, which increased from 1.8% to 29.8%. Total PPPM costs in 1L were highest with IO+CT at $32,436, compared with $19,000 and $17,763 in the CT and IO cohorts, respectively. Adjusted analyses showed that PPPM costs were $13,933 (95% CI, $11,760-$16,105) higher in the IO+CT vs IO cohort (P < .001) and IO costs were $1024 (95% CI, $67-$1980) lower than CT (P = .04).


CONCLUSIONS
IO+CT accounts for almost one-third of 1L aNSCLC treatment modalities, coinciding with a reduction in treatment with CT. Costs for patients treated with IO were lower than those for patients treated with both IO+CT and CT alone, driven primarily by antineoplastic drug and associated medical costs.

Dhruv Chopra

Papers

Tunneling of remote desktop sessions through firewalls

Peer-to-peer overlays for real-time communication: security issues and solutions

Signaling support for sharer switching in application sharing

Differences in racial and sex at birth representativeness between randomized controlled trial (RCT) and real-world evidence (RWE) or Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) datasets in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (aNSCLC).

Better together? costs of first-line chemoimmunotherapy for advanced non-small cell lung cancer.