Introduction to Electromagnetic Compatibility

A grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) power system with high voltage gain is proposed, and the steady-state model analysis and the control strategy of the system are presented in this paper. For a typical PV array, the output voltage is relatively low, and a high voltage gain is obligatory to realize the grid-connected function. The proposed PV system employs a ZVT-interleaved boost converter with winding-coupled inductors and active-clamp circuits as the first power-processing stage, which can boost a low voltage of the PV array up to a high dc-bus voltage. Accordingly, an accurate steady-state model is obtained and verified by the simulation and experimental results, and a full-bridge inverter with bidirectional power flow is used as the second power-processing stage, which can stabilize the dc-bus voltage and shape the output current. Two compensation units are added to perform in the system control loops to achieve the low total harmonic distortion and fast dynamic response of the output current. Furthermore, a simple maximum-power-point-tracking method based on power balance is applied in the PV system to reduce the system complexity and cost with a high performance. At last, a 2-kW prototype has been built and tested to verify the theoretical analysis of the paper.

Design and Analysis of a Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Power System

A bidirectional DC-DC converter (BDC) with a new CLLC-type resonant tank, which features zero-voltage switching (ZVS) for the input inverting choppers and zero-current switching (ZCS) for the output rectifier switches, regardless of the direction of the power flow, is proposed in this paper. Possessing the very optimal ZVS +ZCS soft-switching feature, this proposed converter will have a minimized switching loss if all of the main switches are implemented with metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors, and thereby, the proposed converter is fully soft switched and totally snubberless. The detail operation principles, as well as the design considerations, are presented. The methodologies to develop a unidirectional ZVS+ZCS dc-dc converter for the corresponding pulsewidth modulation and frequency modulation converters are proposed. The approach on how to construct a fully soft-switched BDC has also been proposed and analyzed. Finally, a topology extension is made, and another fully soft-switched BDC is derived. A prototype, which interfaces the 400-48-V dc buses for the uninterrupted power supply system with a power rating of 500 VA, was developed to verify the validity and applicability of this proposed converter. The highest applicable conversion efficiencies for the bidirectional operational modes are exceeding 96%.

Snubberless Bidirectional DC–DC Converter With New CLLC Resonant Tank Featuring Minimized Switching Loss

Методы подавления шумов и помех в электронных системах. (Noise reduction techniques in electronic systems)

Isolated high-output current DC/DC converters are critical for future data center power architecture. LLC converters with matrix transformer are suitable for these applications due to its high efficiency and high power density. Different matrix transformer structures are investigated in this paper. To improve the current design practice, a high-frequency transformer loss model is developed and a detailed design methodology is proposed. Moreover, a novel matrix transformer structure is proposed to integrate four elemental transformers into one magnetic core with simple four-layer print circuit board windings implementation and further reduced core loss. By pushing switching frequency up to megahertz with GaN devices, the proposed matrix transformer can achieve high efficiency, high power density, and automatic manufacturing for magnetic components. A 1-MHz 380 V/12 V 800-W LLC converter with GaN devices is demonstrated. The prototype achieves a peak efficiency of 97.6% and a power density of 900 W/in3.

High-Efficiency High-Power-Density LLC Converter With an Integrated Planar Matrix Transformer for High-Output Current Applications

This paper studies the high-frequency high-efficiency transformer design. Several novel concepts are proposed to reveal the essence of the transformer design. In order to minimize the winding loss, several winding structure are proposed and compared. The planar transformer winding with PCB or spiral windings are discussed. The key factors to achieve the low winding losses are presented. The transformer design of the LLC resonant converter is investigated. The impacts on integration of magnetizing inductance and leakage inductance are studied.

Investigation on transformer design of high frequency high efficiency dc-dc converters

This paper proposes novel multi-element resonant converters for front-end dc/dc converters. The superior performance of the proposed resonant converters is to provide inherent current protection and very low circulating energy. With the optimized design, the proposed resonant converters can operate under short output circuit. Based on the third order harmonic injection, the circulating energy of the resonant tank can be reduced and lower than other conventional resonant converters, such as LLC resonant converters. Zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) and zero-current-switching (ZCS) can be achieved for primary side and secondary side devices respectively. Furthermore, high voltage gain can be designed for holdup time operation. The hold up time capacitors can be reduced more than 50% compared with conventional circuits. Hence, cost and volume can be saved significantly. Finally, a 1 kW, 1 MHz prototype is built to demonstrate the advantages of the proposed resonant converters. 86 W/in3 power density and 95.5% efficiency at full load are achieved.

Novel multi-element resonant converters for front-end dc/dc converters

A resonant switched power converter having switching frequency controlled in response to an output voltage thereof achieves over-current protection such as at start-up or under short circuit conditions using a resonant tank circuit which provides a notch filter in addition to a band pass filter. A additional band pass filter provided in the resonant tank circuit achieves increased power transfer to a load and reduced circulating resonant currents and conduction losses. The inductances of the preferred LCLCL tank circuit or other tank circuit with two pass band filters and a notch filter may be integrated into a single electrical component.

Multi-element resonant converters

This paper proposes novel electromagnetic interference (EMI) suppression techniques for dc-dc converters. For low-voltage high-current applications, windings are paralleled and interleaved. Although low conduction loss and low leakage inductance can be achieved, the winding capacitances are considerably increased, thereby deteriorating the converter's EMI and soft-switching performances. To solve these problems, a novel balanced choke concept is proposed, as well as other techniques. The advantages of the proposed concepts and strategies are verified and demonstrated on a 1-kW 1-MHz 400-V/12-V LLC resonant converter prototype. More than 52-dB noise attenuation and 75% equivalent winding capacitance reduction are achieved. Hence, EMI and soft-switching performances are significantly improved.

Novel Techniques to Suppress the Common-Mode EMI Noise Caused by Transformer Parasitic Capacitances in DC–DC Converters

For isolated dc–dc power converters, the interwinding parasitic capacitance of the transformer is usually one of the main paths for common-mode (CM) noise. In order to simplify the CM noise analysis, this paper proposes a two-capacitor transformer winding capacitance model. The model is derived based on general conditions so it can be applied to different isolated converter topologies. A measurement technique is also proposed to obtain the lumped capacitance for the model. The CM noise models of several isolated converter topologies are analyzed with the proposed two-capacitor transformer winding capacitance model to achieve simplicity. Finally, the proposed transformer winding capacitance model and measurement technique are verified by simulations and experiments.

Dianbo Fu

Papers

Investigation on transformer design of high frequency high efficiency dc-dc converters

Novel multi-element resonant converters for front-end dc/dc converters

Multi-element resonant converters

Novel Techniques to Suppress the Common-Mode EMI Noise Caused by Transformer Parasitic Capacitances in DC–DC Converters

Two-Capacitor Transformer Winding Capacitance Models for Common-Mode EMI Noise Analysis in Isolated DC–DC Converters