BACKGROUND\nIncreased physical activity is related to reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, possibly because it leads to improvement in the lipoprotein profile. However, the amount of exercise training required for optimal benefit is unknown. In a prospective, randomized study, we investigated the effects of the amount and intensity of exercise on lipoproteins.\n\n\nMETHODS\nA total of 111 sedentary, overweight men and women with mild-to-moderate dyslipidemia were randomly assigned to participate for six months in a control group or for approximately eight months in one of three exercise groups: high-amount-high-intensity exercise, the caloric equivalent of jogging 20 mi (32.0 km) per week at 65 to 80 percent of peak oxygen consumption; low-amount-high-intensity exercise, the equivalent of jogging 12 mi (19.2 km) per week at 65 to 80 percent of peak oxygen consumption; or low-amount-moderate-intensity exercise, the equivalent of walking 12 mi per week at 40 to 55 percent of peak oxygen consumption. Subjects were encouraged to maintain their base-line body weight. The 84 subjects who complied with these guidelines served as the basis for the main analysis. Detailed lipoprotein profiling was performed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy with verification by measurement of cholesterol in lipoprotein subfractions.\n\n\nRESULTS\nThere was a beneficial effect of exercise on a variety of lipid and lipoprotein variables, seen most clearly with the high amount of high-intensity exercise. The high amount of exercise resulted in greater improvements than did the lower amounts of exercise (in 10 of 11 lipoprotein variables) and was always superior to the control condition (11 of 11 variables). Both lower-amount exercise groups always had better responses than the control group (22 of 22 comparisons).\n\n\nCONCLUSIONS\nThe highest amount of weekly exercise, with minimal weight change, had widespread beneficial effects on the lipoprotein profile. The improvements were related to the amount of activity and not to the intensity of exercise or improvement in fitness.

Effects of the amount and intensity of exercise on plasma lipoproteins: Editor's comments

The mechanism(s) by which exercise reduces atherogenic risk remains unknown. This study tested the hypothesis that sustained exercise-induced oxidative stress may increase antioxidant defense in the arterial wall. Acute exercise induced an increase in antibodies to oxidatively modified proteins and catalase in the aortic walls of normal mice compared with sedentary control mice. In male atherogenic diet-fed low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-deficient mice, exercise lowered plasma cholesterol (15%) and decreased atherosclerotic lesions by 40% compared with values in sedentary control mice, with a concomitant increase in arterial catalase and endothelial NO synthase. Because these mice lack the LDL receptor, the results indicate that the LDL receptor might not be responsible for the exercise-induced lowering of plasma cholesterol. Vitamin E supplementation to exercising LDL receptor-deficient mice did not reduce atherosclerotic lesion formation significantly as opposed to lesion formation in untreated ...

Role of Arterial Wall Antioxidant Defense in Beneficial Effects of Exercise on Atherosclerosis in Mice

Lecithin Cholesterol Acyltransferaseに関する研究 : Lecithin Cholesterol Acyltransferaseとリポ蛋白の関係について

Although age is a dominant risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), epidemiological studies have shown that physical activity may significantly decrease age-related risks for AD, and indeed mitigate the impact in existing diagnosis. The aim of this study was to perform a narrative review on the preventative, and mitigating, effects of physical activity on AD onset, including genetic factors, mechanism of action and physical activity typology. In this article, we conducted a narrative review of the influence physical activity and exercise have on AD, utilising key terms related to AD, physical activity, mechanism and prevention, searching the online databases; Web of Science, PubMed and Google Scholar, and, subsequently, discuss possible mechanisms of this action. On the basis of this review, it is evident that physical activity and exercise may be incorporated in AD, notwithstanding, a greater number of high-quality randomised controlled trials are needed, moreover, physical activity typology must be acutely considered, primarily due to a dearth of research on the efficacy of physical activity types other than aerobic.

Physical Activity and Alzheimer's Disease: A Narrative Review.

Effects of exercise on reverse cholesterol transport: A systemized narrative review of animal studies

Aerobic exercise training (AET) improves the reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) in cholesteryl ester transfer protein-transgenic (CETP-tg) mice. We aimed at investigating the role of AET in the expression of genes and proteins involved in lipid flux in the aorta and macrophages of CETP-tg mice. Three-month-old male mice were randomly divided into trained (T; treadmill 15 m/min; 30 min/day) and sedentary (S) groups. After 6 weeks, peritoneal macrophages and the aortic arch were obtained immediately (0 h) or 48 h after the last exercise session. mRNA was determined by RT-qPCR, protein levels by immunoblot and 14C-cholesterol efflux determined in macrophages. AET did not change body weight, plasma cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose and CETP activity. In macrophages, at time 0 h, a higher expression of genes that encode PPAR gamma, ABCA-1 and a lower expression of MCP-1 and IL-10, was observed in T as compared to S. After 48 h, lower expressions of MCP-1 and PPAR gamma genes were observed in T mice. Increase in ABCA-1, SR-BI and IL-6 and decrease of LOX-1, MCP-1, TNF and IL-10 gene expression was observed in the aorta of T compared to S mice (0 h) and LOX-1 and MCP-1 remained diminished after 48 h. The protein level of MCP-1 and SR-BI in the aortic arch was unchanged in T animals after 48 h as compared to S, but LOX-1 was reduced confirming data of gene expression. The apo A-I and the HDL2 mediated-cholesterol efflux (8 and 24 h) were not different between T and S animals. In the presence of CETP, AET positively influences gene expression in the arterial wall and macrophages of CETP-tg mice contributing to the RCT and prevention of atherosclerosis. These changes were perceptible immediately after the exercise session and were influenced by the presence of CETP although independent of changes in its activity. Reductions in gene and protein expression of LOX-1 were parallel and reflect the ability of exercise training in reducing the uptake of modified LDL by the arterial wall macrophages.

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Diego Gomes-Kjerulf

Papers

Exercise Training Favorably Modulates Gene and Protein Expression That Regulate Arterial Cholesterol Content in CETP Transgenic Mice