There is a special reason for reviewing this book at this time: it is the 50th edition of a compendium that is known and used frequently in most chemical and physical laboratories in many parts of the world. Surely, a publication that has been published for 56 years, withstanding the vagaries of science in this century, must have had something to offer. There is another reason: while the book is a standard fixture in most chemical and physical laboratories, including those in medical centers, it is not as frequently seen in the laboratories of physician's offices (those either in solo or group practice). I believe that the Handbook can be useful in those laboratories. One of the reasons, among others, is that the various basic items of information it offers may be helpful in new tests, either physical or chemical, which are continuously being published. The basic information may relate

Handbook of Chemistry and Physics

Properties and Application of Geopolymers Vol. 841 (/MSF.841 /book) Development and Investigation of Materials Using Modern Techniques Vol. 840 (/MSF.840/book) Superplasticity in Advanced Materials ICSAM 2015 Vols. 838-839 (/MSF.838-839/book) 12th International Conference on High Speed Machining Vols. 836-837 (/MSF.836-837/book) Sintering Fundamentals II Vol. 835 (/MSF.835/book) Advanced Machining Technologies: Traditions and Innovations Vol. 834 (/MSF.834/book) Applied Materials and Technologies Vol. 833 (/MSF.833/book) Emerging Functional Materials: Book (/MSF.841/book) Papers (/MSF.841)

Materials Science Forum

Energy absorption in high-energy chemical processes energetics and thermodynamics of high-energy chemistry elementary processes and mechanisms of chemical reactions kinetics of high-energy chemical processes fundamentals of photochemistry fundamentals of plasma chemistry major principles of high-energy chemistry technology techniques of high-energy chemistry processes based on high-energy chemistry.

High-energy chemistry

The interaction of positronium (Ps) with molecular oxygen dissolved in liquids is experimentally investigated. Computer software has been developed for fitting the positron annihilation lifetime spectra in liquids using parameters with clear physical meaning: rate constants of the Ps chemical reactions, annihilation rate constants of the different positron states, probability of Ps formation in a quasi-free state, typical formation time of a Ps nanobubble. Such processing of the spectra allowed identification of the dominant interaction of the Ps atom with dissolved oxygen. It turns out to be mainly ortho–para-conversion (Ps → 1/4 p-Ps + 3/4 o-Ps), but not oxidation (Ps + O2 → e+ + O2−). Values of the reaction rate constants are obtained.

Interaction of positronium with dissolved oxygen in liquids

A commercial Amberlite XAD7HP resin was investigated as a typical porous polymer which swells in tetraethoxysilane (TEOS). TEOS appears to be an extremely effective polymer swelling agent; thus, it serves as an easily assimilable silica source in polymer–silica composites. The present study discusses the application of light microscopy (LM) and positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) for the studies of macroscopic and microscopic features during the progress of polymer swelling. LM offers precise information on the swelling in the solvent vapor, especially for the well-defined, spherically shaped particles of the polymer. The swelling of a porous polymer consists of the swelling of pore walls and adsorption of the solvent on the internal surface of the walls. PALS provides an opportunity to recognize the sequence of solvent penetration into porous polymer particles. It allows in situ monitoring of the evolution of every free volume in the sample under study.

Macro- and Nanoscopic Studies of Porous Polymer Swelling

This chapter reviews the following items: 1. Energy deposition and track structure of fast positrons: ionization slowing down, number of ion-electron pairs, typical sizes, thermalization, electrostatic interaction between e+ and its blob, effect of local heating; 2. Positronium formation in condensed media: the Ore model, quasifree Ps state, intratrack mechanism of Ps formation; 3. Fast intratrack diffusion-controlled reactions: Ps oxidation and ortho-para conversion by radiolytic products, reaction rate constants, interpretation of the PAL spectra in water at different temperatures; 4. Ps bubble models. "Non-point" positronium: wave function, energy contributions, relationship between the pick-off annihilation rate and the bubble radius.

/pdf/positronium-in-a-liquid-phase-formation-bubble-state-and-4omys277ae.pdf

Positronium in a liquid phase: formation, bubble state and chemical reactions

The present approach describes the <path id="x1D452" d="M391 364q0 -28 -20.5 -53.5t-50 -43.5t-70 -34t-73.5 -25t-68 -17v-29q0 -48 20 -81t65 -33q73 0 157 76l16 -23q-107 -113 -221 -113q-21 0 -40.5 6.5t-39 22t-31.5 47t-12 75.5q0 69 33.5 139.5t95.5 114.5q77 55 143 55q42 0 69 -24.5t27 -59.5zM313 350
q0 26 -14.5 40.5t-37.5 14.5q-32 0 -44 -7q-82 -46 -104 -175q200 49 200 127z" /> fate since its injection into a liquid until its annihilation. Several stages of the evolution are discussed: (1) energy deposition and track structure of fast positrons: ionization slowing down, number of ion-electron pairs, typical sizes, thermalization, electrostatic interaction between and the constituents of its blob, and effect of local heating; (2) positronium formation in condensed media: the Ore model, quasifree Ps state, intratrack mechanism of Ps formation; (3) fast intratrack diffusion-controlled reactions: Ps oxidation and ortho-paraconversion by radiolytic products, reaction rate constants, and interpretation of the PAL spectra in water at different temperatures; (4) Ps bubble models. Inner structure of positronium (wave function, energy contributions, relationship between the pick-off annihilation rate and the bubble radius).

/pdf/positronium-in-a-liquid-phase-formation-bubble-state-and-1ltvbvr1gu.pdf

Positronium in a Liquid Phase: Formation, Bubble State and Chemical Reactions

It is shown that in aqueous solutions a positronium atom is first formed in the quasi-free state, and, after 50-100 ps, becomes localized in a nanobubble. Analysis of the annihilation spectra of NaNO3 aqueous solutions shows that the hydrated electron is not involved in the positronium (Ps) formation. PACS: 71.60.+z Positron states (electronic structure of bulk materials); 34.80.Lx Recombination, attachment, and positronium formation; 82.30.Gg Positronium chemistry Most usually, the positron annihilation lifetime (LT) spectra in liquids (below we consider aqueous solutions) are well described in terms of three exponentials (3-E analysis). It is believed that this fact indicates that 1) Ps formation is a fast process, its duration not exceeding 10 ps, the typical width of one channel of the time analyzer, and 2) the Ps atom is not involved in the non-homogeneous diffusion-controlled intratrack chemical reactions with radiolytic products. However, several facts plead against this conventional analysis, in particular: 1) The ratio of I3 to I1 (intensities of the ortho-Ps and para-Ps components) is not 3:1, as theoretically expected, but rather close to 2:1, Fig. 1 [1]; 0 20 40 60 80 100 temperature, oC 10 15 20 25 30 in te ns it ie s, % I3

/pdf/formation-of-quasi-free-and-bubble-positronium-states-in-1o0r7x3tia.pdf

Formation of quasi-free and bubble positronium states in water and aqueous solutions

It is shown that in aqueous solutions a positronium atom is first formed in the quasi-free state, and, after 50-100 ps, becomes localized in a nanobubble. Analysis of the annihilation spectra of NaNO3 aqueous solutions shows that the hydrated electron is not involved in the positronium (Ps) formation.

Positron ionization slowing down, formation of the positron track, reactions of e+ with track species and its interaction with a scavenger on a subpicosecond timescale, including the process of the positronium formation process are discussed. Interpretation of the positron annihilation lifetime data on positronium formation in aqueous solutions of NO−3 anions, known as efficient scavengers of the presolvated track electrons, suggests that these ions may also capture epithermal (presolvated) positrons as well.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/618/1/012003/pdf

Dmitrii S. Zvezhinskiy

Papers

Positronium in a liquid phase: formation, bubble state and chemical reactions

Positronium in a Liquid Phase: Formation, Bubble State and Chemical Reactions

Formation of quasi-free and bubble positronium states in water and aqueous solutions

Formation of quasi-free and bubble positronium states in water and aqueous solutions

Early processes in positron and positronium chemistry: possible scavenging of epithermal e+ by nitrate ion in aqueous solutions