Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques

Social Network Analysis

Social Psychology of Organizations

人教版高中英语新课程教材中,语言运用（Using Language）是每个单元必不可少的部分,提供了围绕单元中心话题的听、说、读、写的综合性练习,是单元中心话题的延续和升华.如何设计Using Language部分的教学,使自己的教学模式既不落俗套,又能真正体现新课程标准所倡导的教学理念,正是广大一线英语教师一直努力探索的问题.

打磨Using Language,倡导新理念

which is used to describe a third component of thinking processes, particularly preverbal, and it denotes the concept that the world is activated by some generalized "energy" that links together causally all objects and events ; it is presumably revealed by a person's lack of curiosity about causal connections, as though they were self-evident. Aside from the rather frequent use of such key words, having strong connotations for this reviewer far away from what the author is aiming to denote, the book is written in a lucid and stimulating style that makes reading it an invigorating intellectual exercise. It is a book that is likely to have somewhat limited attraction to the full-time clinician, especially one treating adult patients. And child psychiatrists and psychologists, if reasonably well read, will most likely be familiar with the majority of references from which this author has synthesized his material. On the other hand, the scholarly and refreshing con¬ ceptual approaches of the author will appeal to psychologists, philosophers, linguists, and psychiatrists with a research bent and anyone else who wants to be provoked to do some thinking on the problems of language, language development, and the psychology of cognition. Louis A. GOTTSCHALK, M.D. Plans and the Structure of Behavior. By George A Miller, Eugene gALANTER, and Karl H. Pribram. Price, $5.00. Pp. 226. Henry Holt & Co., Inc., New York 17, 1960. This is an important book for psychiatrists and behavioral scientists, since it presents a clear, concise study of the application of cybernetics, information and computer theory to the problem of analyzing behavior. The authors have been actively engaged in behavioral research in different areas\p=m-\Millerin information and communication, Galanter in experimental psychology, and Pribram in neurophysiology. The book resulted from a series of discussions which they engaged in during a year they spent together at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, Palo Alto, Calif. Their original intent was to write a diary, as it were, of the development of their ideas and, fortunately, enough of this remains to make the book clear, easy to read, and interesting. It is also fortunate, however, that in the final writing a variety of studies comparing the "behavior" of computing machines with human "cognitive behavior" have been reviewed and summarized. The result is one of the best presentations of the present status of the brain-computer problem. The authors, however, do not discuss certain aspects of this problem, such as the difference between the brain and its vast number of parallel channels, but few operations, and the modern high-speed computer with its few channels and vast numbers of operations. This omission is consistent with their interest, since it would introduce the question of mechanisms rather than the problem of the structure of behavior as it is observed in everyday life in the clinic and in experiments on learning, conditioning, etc. Similarly, they do not discuss the qualitative differences between mechanisms of memory in the computer and those in the brain. In the former, a "memory"\p=m-\ i.e., stored information\p=m-\isidentified, metaphorically speaking, by an address, whereas no such mechanism is known in the brain (personal communication, Dr. Julian Bigelow). With few exceptions, however, the data, concepts, and theories presented are handled with elegant precision, as illustrated by the discussion of Sherrington's concepts of the "Reflex" and the "Synapse," Kurt Lewin's ideas of "tension states," and the numerous references to the work of Newell, Shaw, and Simon on computers and logic. There are, nevertheless, areas with

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1057%2Fjors.1968.86.pdf

Plans and the Structure of Behavior

In air combat, a traditional way of evaluating team’s taskwork performance is to measure its performance output. However, it provides a narrow view about the team’s performance and potentially miss...

Measurement of team performance in air combat – have we been underperforming?

Workload benefits of colour coded head-up flight symbology during high workload flight

Latency has been identified as a major bottleneck for usability of human-system interaction devices. However, the theoretical basis of the effect of latency on action control mechanisms remains weak. In this study, we aimed to investigate the cognitive implications of latency for Human-Computer Interaction. We proposed models of agency (i.e., mechanism underlying the feeling of control) as a possible interpretative framework on the nature of the transformation induced by latency. In a series of 3 experiments, we propose to tackle this problem by (1) characterizing the effects (performance and agency) of transmission delays on UAS camera control, and (2) designing and evaluating HMI solutions to mitigate these effects with regard to the agency principle. Our results showed that (1) latency decreases sense of agency and human performance, (2) models of agency could provide HMI solution for latency compensation. Interests of agentive experience accounts for better system design are discussed.

Engineering Psychology and Cognitive Ergonomics. Understanding Human Cognition

Introduction The ability to make good decisions is a critical component of pilot proficiency. Results of recent research suggest that aeronautical decision making (ADM) can be improved by training. The purposes of this research are to identify the best ADM mnemonic-based methods for training military pilots in decision making in tactical environments. Methods There were 60 instructor pilots in the Republic of China Air Force Academy who evaluated the suitability of 5 different ADM methods including SHOR (Stimuli, Hypotheses, Options, Response); PASS (Problem identification, Acquire information, Survey strategy, Select strategy); FOR-DEC (Facts, Options, Risks & Benefits, Decision, Execution, Check); SOAR (Situation, Options, Act, Repeat); and DESIDE (Detect, Estimate, Set safety objectives, Identify, Do, Evaluate). Each was evaluated for six different types of decisions: go/no go; recognition-primed; response selection; resource management; non-diagnostic procedural; and creative problem-solving. Results The instructor-pilots regarded the SHOR method as the best for time-limited and critical, urgent situations, while they preferred DESIDE for knowledge-based decisions that needed more comprehensive consideration and were less time limited. Discussion To optimize training effectiveness, it is necessary to provide instruction based around both the SHOR and DESIDE decision-making mnemonic methods to provide comprehensive instruction for coping with all situations in the demanding military aviation environment.

Aeronautical decision making: instructor-pilot evaluation of five mnemonic methods.

This paper formulates a theoretical model of flight deck team performance as a dynamic human-machine system, later referred to as CRM-DYMO (Crew Resources Management-DYnamic MOdel). The model identifies human and machine sub-systems. The human sub-system describes the activities taken by the flight crew and the machine sub-system describes the changes in the aircraft’s state. The human sub-system’s output forms an input for the machine sub-system, and the machine sub-system’s output feeds back to the human system creating a closed loop system. Pilots' performance are described as competencies, which form part of the elements in the human sub-system. This paper concentrates only on CRM competencies as defined by the International Civil Aviation Authority and the International Air Transport Association. In addition to the detailed conceptual model of the human sub-system and associated competencies, the approach is illustrated with reference to two accident case studies. These demonstrate how CRM-DYMO can assist in analysing CRM and help in identifying how the different system components interact. While the case studies demonstrate the benefits of CRM-DYMO, they merely serve as a starting point to understand how CRM works and will hopefully encourage supporting quantitative simulation modelling and empirical studies.

Don Harris

Papers

Measurement of team performance in air combat – have we been underperforming?

Workload benefits of colour coded head-up flight symbology during high workload flight

Engineering Psychology and Cognitive Ergonomics. Understanding Human Cognition

Aeronautical decision making: instructor-pilot evaluation of five mnemonic methods.

Pilot competencies as components of a dynamic human‐machine system