抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Preface to the Princeton Landmarks in Biology Edition vii Preface xi Symbols Used xiii 1. The Importance of Islands 3 2. Area and Number of Speicies 8 3. Further Explanations of the Area-Diversity Pattern 19 4. The Strategy of Colonization 68 5. Invasibility and the Variable Niche 94 6. Stepping Stones and Biotic Exchange 123 7. Evolutionary Changes Following Colonization 145 8. Prospect 181 Glossary 185 References 193 Index 201

The Theory of Island Biogeography

https://www.wsl.ch/staff/niklaus.zimmermann/papers/ecomod135_147.pdf

Predictive habitat distribution models in ecology

Species richness is a fundamental measurement of community and regional diversity, and it underlies many ecological models and conservation strategies. In spite of its importance, ecologists have not always appreciated the effects of abundance and sampling effort on richness measures and comparisons. We survey a series of common pitfalls in quantifying and comparing taxon richness. These pitfalls can be largely avoided by using accumulation and rarefaction curves, which may be based on either individuals or samples. These taxon sampling curves contain the basic information for valid richness comparisons, including category‐subcategory ratios (species-to-genus and species-toindividual ratios). Rarefaction methods ‐ both sample-based and individual-based ‐ allow for meaningful standardization and comparison of datasets. Standardizing data sets by area or sampling effort may produce very different results compared to standardizing by number of individuals collected, and it is not always clear which measure of diversity is more appropriate. Asymptotic richness estimators provide lower-bound estimates for taxon-rich groups such as tropical arthropods, in which observed richness rarely reaches an asymptote, despite intensive sampling. Recent examples of diversity studies of tropical trees, stream invertebrates, and herbaceous plants emphasize the importance of carefully quantifying species richness using taxon sampling curves.

/pdf/quantifying-biodiversity-procedures-and-pitfalls-in-the-2ut2f3nw4g.pdf

Quantifying biodiversity: procedures and pitfalls in the measurement and comparison of species richness

▪ Abstract The focus of most ideas on diversity maintenance is species coexistence, which may be stable or unstable. Stable coexistence can be quantified by the long-term rates at which community members recover from low density. Quantification shows that coexistence mechanisms function in two major ways: They may be (a) equalizing because they tend to minimize average fitness differences between species, or (b) stabilizing because they tend to increase negative intraspecific interactions relative to negative interspecific interactions. Stabilizing mechanisms are essential for species coexistence and include traditional mechanisms such as resource partitioning and frequency-dependent predation, as well as mechanisms that depend on fluctuations in population densities and environmental factors in space and time. Equalizing mechanisms contribute to stable coexistence because they reduce large average fitness inequalities which might negate the effects of stabilizing mechanisms. Models of unstable coexitence...

/pdf/mechanisms-of-maintenance-of-species-diversity-340h1nopps.pdf

Mechanisms of Maintenance of Species Diversity

The use of models for a multiscaled ecological monitoring system

1. This document is CIR 1479, one of a series of the Wildlife Ecology and Conservation Department, University of Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. Publication date: January, 2006. Reviewed May, 2009. Visit the EDIS Web site at http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu. For a better understanding of figures and graphics, please print in a color printer. 2. Leonard Pearlstine and Frank J. Mazzotti, Principal Investigators, University of Florida, Ft. Lauderdale Research and Education Center, 3205 College Ave, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, 33314, e-mails: pearlstn@ufl.edu, fjma@ufl.edu; Donald L. DeAngelis, Project Officer, U.S. Geological Survey, Florida Integrated Science Center, Water and Restoration Studies, University of Miami, P.O. Box 249118, Coral Gables, FL 33124, e-mail: ddeangelis@umiami.ir.miami.edu; Tomma Barnes, Michael Duever and Janet Starnes, Project Leaders, South Florida Water Management District, Lower West Coast Regional Service Center, 2301 McGregor Boulevard, Ft Myers, FL 33901, e-mails: tbarnes@sfwmd.gov, mduever@sfwmd.gov, jstarne@sfwmd.gov.

Spatial decision support systems for landscape ecological evaluations in the Southwest Florida Feasibility Study

Mathematical models of great complexity are being developed to help in understanding the behavior of ecosystems, but succinct conclusions for large models are difficult to obtain. In this report, criteria are introduced that guarantee that a given food-web model has no more than one equilibrium point. These criteria consist of biologically reasonable constraints on the behavior of the growth rates of the species as functions of population density plus the restriction of the food web to loops of lengths 1 and 2. While this last condition probably does not hold for most real food webs, the theorem may be robust enough to apply over a large range of cases. Our analysis also suggests that increasing complexity in food-web models might be accompanied by a greater number of equilibrium points. Therefore, the chance of a system having at least one stable equilibrium point could increase as complexity increases, a conclusion of interest in the current debate over the relationship between stability and complexity.

Criteria that forbid a large, nonlinear food-web model from having more than one equilibrium point

Dynamics of an ant–plant-pollinator model

https://www.math.miami.edu/~ruan/MyPapers/Gil%20et%20al.-PublicHealth2016.pdf

Donald L. DeAngelis

Papers

The use of models for a multiscaled ecological monitoring system

Spatial decision support systems for landscape ecological evaluations in the Southwest Florida Feasibility Study

Criteria that forbid a large, nonlinear food-web model from having more than one equilibrium point

Dynamics of an ant–plant-pollinator model

A model for the coupling of the Greater Bairam and local environmental factors in promoting Rift-Valley Fever epizootics in Egypt