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Transparent Heaters: A Review

Wide bandgap oxide semiconductors constitute a unique class of materials that combine properties of electrical conductivity and optical transparency. They are being widely used as key materials in optoelectronic device applications, including flat-panel displays, solar cells, OLED, and emerging flexible and transparent electronics. In this article, an up-to-date review on both the fundamental understanding of materials physics of oxide semiconductors, and recent research progress on design of new materials and high-performing thin film transistor (TFT) devices in the context of fundamental understanding is presented. In particular, an in depth overview is first provided on current understanding of the electronic structures, defect and doping chemistry, optical and transport properties of oxide semiconductors, which provide essential guiding principles for new material design and device optimization. With these principles, recent advances in design of p-type oxide semiconductors, new approaches for achieving cost-effective transparent (flexible) electrodes, and the creation of high mobility 2D electron gas (2DEG) at oxide surfaces and interfaces with a wealth of fascinating physical properties of great potential for novel device design are then reviewed. Finally, recent progress and perspective of oxide TFT based on new oxide semiconductors, 2DEG, and low-temperature solution processed oxide semiconductor for flexible electronics will be reviewed.

Wide Bandgap Oxide Semiconductors: from Materials Physics to Optoelectronic Devices

Metal nanowire networks (MNNs) are promising as transparent electrode materials for a diverse range of optoelectronic devices and also work as active materials for electrical heating and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding applications. However, the relatively low performance and poor durability of MNNs are limiting the practical application of the resulting devices. Here, we report a controllable approach to enhance the conductivity and the stability of MNNs with their transmittance remaining unchanged, in which reduced graphene oxide conformally wrapped silver nanowire networks (AgNW@rGO networks) are synthesized by selective electrodeposition of GO nanosheets on AgNWs followed by a pulsed laser irradiation treatment. Experimental characterizations and finite-difference time-domain simulations indicate that pulsed laser irradiation at a specific wavelength not only reduces the GO but also welds the AgNWs together through a surface plasmon resonance process. As a result, the AgNW@rGO networks exhibit low sheet resistance of 3.3 Ω/□, average transmittance of 91.1%, and good flexibility. Wrapping with rGO improves the maximum electrical heating temperature of the AgNW network transparent heaters due to the effective suppression of the oxidation and the migration of surface silver atoms. In addition, excellent EMI shielding effectiveness of up to 35.5 dB in the 8.2-12.4 GHz frequency range is obtained as a consequence of the combined effects of dual reflection, conduction loss, and multiple dielectric polarization relaxation processes.

Reduced Graphene Oxide Conformally Wrapped Silver Nanowire Networks for Flexible Transparent Heating and Electromagnetic Interference Shielding

Abstract Modern computation based on von Neumann architecture is now a mature cutting-edge science. In the von Neumann architecture, processing and memory units are implemented as separate blocks interchanging data intensively and continuously. This data transfer is responsible for a large part of the power consumption. The next generation computer technology is expected to solve problems at the exascale with 10 18 calculations each second. Even though these future computers will be incredibly powerful, if they are based on von Neumann type architectures, they will consume between 20 and 30 megawatts of power and will not have intrinsic physically built-in capabilities to learn or deal with complex data as our brain does. These needs can be addressed by neuromorphic computing systems which are inspired by the biological concepts of the human brain. This new generation of computers has the potential to be used for the storage and processing of large amounts of digital information with much lower power consumption than conventional processors. Among their potential future applications, an important niche is moving the control from data centers to edge devices. The aim of this roadmap is to present a snapshot of the present state of neuromorphic technology and provide an opinion on the challenges and opportunities that the future holds in the major areas of neuromorphic technology, namely materials, devices, neuromorphic circuits, neuromorphic algorithms, applications, and ethics. The roadmap is a collection of perspectives where leading researchers in the neuromorphic community provide their own view about the current state and the future challenges for each research area. We hope that this roadmap will be a useful resource by providing a concise yet comprehensive introduction to readers outside this field, for those who are just entering the field, as well as providing future perspectives for those who are well established in the neuromorphic computing community. 

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2022 roadmap on neuromorphic computing and engineering

Silver nanowire (AgNW) networks offer excellent electrical and optical properties and have emerged as one of the most attractive alternatives to transparent conductive oxides to be used in flexible optoelectronic applications. However, AgNW networks still suffer from chemical, thermal, and electrical instabilities, which in some cases can hinder their efficient integration as transparent electrodes in devices such as solar cells, transparent heaters, touch screens, and organic light emitting diodes. We have used atmospheric pressure spatial atomic layer deposition (AP-SALD) to fabricate hybrid transparent electrode materials in which the AgNW network is protected by a conformal thin layer of zinc oxide. The choice of AP-SALD allows us to maintain the low-cost and scalable processing of AgNW-based transparent electrodes. The effects of the ZnO coating thickness on the physical properties of AgNW networks are presented. The composite electrodes show a drastic enhancement of both thermal and electrical stabilities. We found that bare AgNWs were stable only up to 300 °C when subjected to thermal ramps, whereas the ZnO coating improved the stability up to 500 °C. Similarly, ZnO-coated AgNWs exhibited an increase of 100% in electrical stability with respect to bare networks, withstanding up to 18 V. A simple physical model shows that the origin of the stability improvement is the result of hindered silver atomic diffusion thanks to the presence of the thin oxide layer and the quality of the interfaces of hybrid electrodes. The effects of ZnO coating on both the network adhesion and optical transparency are also discussed. Finally, we show that the AP-SALD ZnO-coated AgNW networks can be effectively used as very stable transparent heaters.

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Stability Enhancement of Silver Nanowire Networks with Conformal ZnO Coatings Deposited by Atmospheric Pressure Spatial Atomic Layer Deposition.

Electrical stability and homogeneity of silver nanowire (AgNW) networks are critical assets for increasing their robustness and reliability when integrated as transparent electrodes in devices. Our ability to distinguish defects, inhomogeneities, or inactive areas at the scale of the entire network is therefore a critical issue. We propose one-probe electrical mapping (1P-mapping) as a specific simple tool to study the electrical distribution in these discrete structures. 1P-mapping has allowed us to show that the tortuosity of the voltage equipotential lines of AgNW networks under bias decreases with increasing network density, leading to a better electrical homogeneity. The impact of the network fabrication technique on the electrical homogeneity of the resulting electrode has also been investigated. Then, by combining 1P-mapping with electrical resistance measurements and IR thermography, we propose a comprehensive analysis of the evolution of the electrical distribution in AgNW networks when subjected...

Electrical Mapping of Silver Nanowire Networks: A Versatile Tool for Imaging Network Homogeneity and Degradation Dynamics during Failure.

We report the study of nanocomposite transparent electrodes based on aluminium doped zinc oxide (ZnO : Al) thin films and silver nanowire (AgNW) networks. The electrodes are fully fabricated by low-cost, open-air techniques, namely, atmospheric pressure spatial atomic layer deposition and spray coating. We show that the transparency and the electrical conductivity of the ZnO : Al/AgNW nanocomposites can be tuned by controlling the AgNW network density. We also demonstrate that the thermal, electrical and mechanical stabilities of the nanocomposites are drastically enhanced compared to those of AgNW networks or ZnO : Al thin films separately. Interestingly, we report a clear continuous decrease of the electrical resistance of the nanocomposites for network densities even below the percolation threshold. We propose a model to explain the relationship between the conductivity of the nanocomposites and the AgNW network density. Our physical model is based on the non-negligible contribution of percolating clusters of AgNWs for network densities below the percolation threshold. Our results provide a means to predicting the physical properties of such nanocomposites for applications in solar cells and other optoelectronic devices. Finally, the deposition methods used open the way towards stable, low-cost and flexible transparent electrodes for industrial applications.

Low-cost fabrication of flexible transparent electrodes based on Al doped ZnO and silver nanowire nanocomposites: impact of the network density.

Transparent electrodes (TEs) are pivotal components in many modern devices such as solar cells, light-emitting diodes, touch screens, wearable electronic devices, smart windows, and transparent heaters. Recently, the high demand for flexibility and low cost in TEs requires a new class of transparent conductive materials (TCMs), serving as substitutes for the conventional indium tin oxide (ITO). So far, ITO has been the most used TCM despite its brittleness and high cost. Among the different emerging alternative materials to ITO, metallic nanomaterials have received much interest due to their remarkable optical-electrical properties, low cost, ease of manufacturing, flexibility, and widespread applicability. These involve metal grids, thin oxide/metal/oxide multilayers, metal nanowire percolating networks, or nanocomposites based on metallic nanostructures. In this review, a comparison between TCMs based on metallic nanomaterials and other TCM technologies is discussed. Next, the different types of metal-based TCMs developed so far and the fabrication technologies used are presented. Then, the challenges that these TCMs face toward integration in functional devices are discussed. Finally, the various fields in which metal-based TCMs have been successfully applied, as well as emerging and potential applications, are summarized.

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Advances in Flexible Metallic Transparent Electrodes.

By using 1,2-propanediol instead of the classic polyol solvent, ethylene glycol, ultra-long silver nanowires are obtained in only 1 h. These nanowires lead to transparent electrodes with a sheet resistance of 5 Ohms per sq at a transparency of 94%, one of the highest figures of merit for nanowire electrodes ever reported.

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Dorina T. Papanastasiou

Papers

Transparent Heaters: A Review

Electrical Mapping of Silver Nanowire Networks: A Versatile Tool for Imaging Network Homogeneity and Degradation Dynamics during Failure.

Low-cost fabrication of flexible transparent electrodes based on Al doped ZnO and silver nanowire nanocomposites: impact of the network density.

Advances in Flexible Metallic Transparent Electrodes.

Rapid synthesis of ultra-long silver nanowires for high performance transparent electrodes