CRYSTALLINE MATERIALS Introduction Physical Properties Optical Properties Mechanical Properties Thermal Properties Magnetooptic Properties Electrooptic Properties Elastooptic Properties Nonlinear Optical Properties GLASSES Introduction Commercial Optical Glasses Specialty Optical Glasses Fused Silica Fluoride Glasses Chalcogenide Glasses Magnetooptic Properties Electrooptic Properties Elastooptic Properties Nonlinear Optical Properties Special Glasses POLYMERIC MATERIALS Optical Plastics Index of Refraction Nonlinear Optical Properties Thermal Properties Engineering Data METALS Physical Properties of Selected Metals Optical Properties Mechanical Properties Thermal Properties Mirror Substrate Materials LIQUIDS Introduction Water Physical Properties of Selected Liquids Index of Refraction Nonlinear Optical Properties Magnetooptic Properties Commercial Optical Liquids GASES Introduction Physical Properties of Selected Gases Index of Refraction Nonlinear Optical Properties Magnetooptic Properties Atomic Resonance Filters APPENDICES Safe Handling of Optical Materials Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Mineralogical or Common Names for Optical Materials Abbreviations for Methods of Preparing Optical Materials and Thin Films Fundamental Physical Constants Units and Conversion Factors

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Handbook of Optical Materials

LASER INSULATING CRYSTALS AND THEIR STIMULATED EMISSION Development of Crystal-Laser Physics (Short Historical Remarks) Fluorine- and Oxygen-Containing Laser Crystalline Hosts and Their Activator Ions Other Laser Crystals Stimulated-Emission Channels of Activated Insulating Laser Crystals Stimulated Emission 4fN-4fN and 4fN-15d1-4fN Channels of Ln3+ Ions Laser Channels of Ln2+ and U3+ Ions Laser Channels of Cr3+, Cr4+, Ti3+, and Mn5+ Ions Laser Channels of TM2+ Activators Crystalline Laser Hosts for Obtaining Generation of Ln3+ Activators at New Wavelengths References ENERGY LEVELS AND OPTICAL-TRANSITION INTENSITIES OF GENERATING ACTIVATORS IN INSULATING LASER CRYSTALS Stark-Level Structure of Lasing Activator Ions Basic Concepts of Modern Crystal-Field Theory Stark-Level Energies of Generating Ions in Laser Insulating Crystals (Experimental Data) References Intensity of Radiative Transitions of Ln3+ Activators in Insulating Laser Crystals Electric Dipole Transitions Judd-Ofelt Intensity Parameters Wi Magnetic Dipole Transitions Spectroscopic-Quality Parameters of Insulating Laser Crystals with Ln3+ Activators References Multiphonon 4fN-4fN Nonradiative Transitions of Ln3+ Activators in Laser Crystals Principal Mechanisms of the Modern Theory of Nonradiative Relaxation of Ln3+ Ions in Crystals Energy-Gap Law - Dependence of WJJc on DEJJc References MULTILEVEL OPERATING LASER SCHEMES FOR THE EXCITATION OF STIMULATED EMISSION IN ACTIVATED CRYSTALS Cascade Operating Schemes for Crystalline Lasers Cascade Laser Schemes for Crystals Doped with Ln3+ Activators Features of Cascade Generation of the Ln3+ Ions in Crystals Cross-Cascade Laser Schemes for Crystals Doped with Ln3+ Activators References Sensitizing, Deactivating, and Feed-Flowing Operating Schemes for Crystalline Lasers Sensitizing Laser Schemes Deactivating Laser Schemes Feed-Flowing Laser Schemes Laser Action of Unlike Ln3+ Ion-Doped Crystals References Stepwise Laser Operating Schemes for Crystals Doped with Ln3+ Activator Ions Upconversion and Stimulated Emission of Ln3+ Ions in Crystals at High-Level Energy Excitation Upconversion Operating Laser Schemes for Er3+ Ion-Doped Crystals Operating Laser Schemes with Stepwise Absorption of Pump Quanta for YAlO3 and LiYF4 Crystals Doped with Er3+ Ions References Cross-Relaxation Operating Schemes for Crystalline Lasers Cross-Relaxation Laser Operating Schemes with Quantum Efficiency Equal to 1 Cross-Relaxation Laser Operating Schemes with Quantum Efficiency Equal to 2 Cross-Relaxation Laser Operating Schemes with Quantum Efficiency Equal to 3 Three-Micron 5I6 (R)yy5I7 Laser Channel of Ho3+ Ions in the BaYb2F8 Crystal References Laser Operating Schemes with Strong Depopulation of the Ground States of Generating Ln3+ Ions Ground-State Lifting - a Way to Increase Crystalline-Laser Efficiency Laser Action of Ln3+ Ions in Insulating Crystals Under Condition of Ground-State-Level Depletion Photon-Avalanche Phenomena in Laser Crystals with Ln3+ Activators References NOVEL AND PROMISING TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PHYSICS AND TECHNIQUE OF CRYSTALLINE LASERS New Generation of Crystalline Lasers Laser Action of Crystals Doped with Ln3+ Ions under Selective Laser Pumping Miniature Crystalline Lasers with High Density of Waveguiding Laser Pumping Crystalline Lasers with Self-Frequency Conversion Solar-Pumped Crystalline Lasers References Concluding Remarks The Current State in Laser-Diode-Pumped Crystalline Laser Development (Table Data) Up-to-Date Survey of Crystalline Upconversion Lasers (Table Data) Praseodymium Crystalline Lasers for the Creation of "White" Laser Light References Appendix A: Crystalline Hosts and Lasing Ions Index

Crystalline Lasers: Physical Processes and Operating Schemes

Accurate interatomic potentials are constructed which represent subtle but significant improvements for the argon and krypton interactions The potentials are of the HFD-B form with definite advantages over the HFD-C form These new potentials incorporate recent determinations of the C6 dispersion coefficient and accurately predict the best available spectroscopy, scattering and bulk data, some of which data were published after earlier constructions

The argon and krypton interatomic potentials revisited

A modified potential based on the individually damped model of Douketis, Scoles, Marchetti, Zen, and Thakkar [J. Chem. Phys. 76, 3057 (1982)] is presented which fits, within experimental error, the accurate ultraviolet (UV) vibration‐rotation spectrum of argon determined by UV laser absorption spectroscopy by Herman, LaRocque, and Stoicheff [J. Chem. Phys. 89, 4535 (1988)]. Other literature potentials fail to do so. The potential also is shown to predict a large number of other properties and is probably the most accurate characterization of the argon interaction constructed to date.

A highly accurate interatomic potential for argon

New combining rules are proposed for the well depth, ϵ, and interaction distance, σ, describing nonbonded interatomic forces for rare gas pair interactions. Concepts underlying current combining rules applied in simulations of macromolecular and polymer systems are shown to be incompatible with experimental data on the rare gases. The current combining rules are compared with the new results using the experimental data. Mathematical properties of combining rules are considered, and it is shown how to reduce combining rule formulas from a two-parameter to a single-parameter problem. It is also shown how to graphically analyze combining rules against experimental data. We demonstrate using this analysis technique that the rare gas potentials do not obey a single combining rule for the ϵ parameter but do follow a single combining rule for the σ parameter. Finally, we demonstrate that a combining rule using both ϵ and ω can be used to predict the ϵ parameters for the mixed rare gas pairs. © John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

New combining rules for rare gas van der Waals parameters

The report contains a set of easy‐to‐program expressions for the calculation of the thermodynamic and transport properties of the five noble gases (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe) and of the 26 binary and multicomponent mixtures that can be formed with them. The properties in question are second virial coefficient B, viscosity η, thermal conductivity λ, self‐diffusion and binary diffusion coefficient D, and thermal diffusion factor αT. The calculation of properties is restricted to low densities ( ρ≪B/C) but covers the full range of compositions and a temperature interval extending from absolute zero to the onset of ionization. Owing to the careful theoretical basis on which the algorithm has been erected, all properties are thermodynamically consistent with each other. Reference to a selected set of critically evaluated measurements provides a basis for the estimation of uncertainties. The report contains 54 abbreviated tables of numerical data and 86 deviation plots. It is asserted that the results are comparable to the best measurements that could be performed at present.

Equilibrium and transport properties of the noble gases and their mixtures at low density

This paper contains the background for a complete synthesis of all the properties-equilibrium as well as transport—of the five noble gases and of the 26 mixtures that can be formed with them. The synthesis is valid for the zero-density limit only, but covers the temperature range from absolute zero to the onset of ionization. The synthesis is based on a thorough revision of the two-parameter extended law of corresponding states of Kestin, Ro and Wakeham. The paper recalls the basis for the original corresponding-states principle, identifies the places at which experiment and the theory of statistical mechanics suggest deviations, and proceeds to remove them to a point where almost perfect agreement between calculation and a very large body of diverse experimental data is achieved, in the sense that deviations of experimental data from calculation are of the same order as the uncertainty in the best contemporary measurements. The basis of the revised corresponding-states principle is a set of five parameters which characterize each pair-interaction together with a fully consistent and asymptotically correct set of universal collision integrals and functionals that appear in the rigorous theory. These are reinforced with selected quantum-mechanical calculations applied in regions where they are significant.

Improved corresponding states principle for the noble gases

A procedure is presented, based on statistical-mechanical theory, for predicting the equation of state of compressed normal liquids and their mixtures from two scaling constants that are available from measurements at ordinary pressures and temperatures. The theoretical equation of state is that of Ihm, Song, and Mason, and the two constants are the enthalpy of vaporization and the liquid density at the triple point, which are related to the cohesive energy density of regular solution theory. The procedure is tested on a number of substances ranging in complexity from Ar and CO2 to n-heptane and toluene. The results indicate that the liquid density at any pressure and temperature can be predicted within about 5%, over the range from T
tp to T
c and up to the freezing line. Possible methods of determining the scaling constants are discussed, as well as other possible choices for scaling constants.

Equation of state for compressed liquids and their mixtures from the cohesive energy density

We present a method for the computation of the composition dependence of the viscosity of a dense gas mixture. This method uses the (modified) Enskog theory formula for the viscosity of a dense mixture of rigid-sphere gases, as obtained by Thorne, and assumes that this formula can be applied to real gas mixtures provided one replaces the purely rigid sphere quantities in the Enskog theory by suitably chosen real gas quantities. In order to compute the composition dependence of a mixture one needs: (a) the viscosities of the pure component gases at the same molar density as the mixture; (b) the low-density viscosities of the pure component gases; (c) one low-density value of the mixture viscosity; (d) the second virial coefficient and its temperature derivative for each component pure gas; and (e) in some cases, the equations of state of the pure components. No dense mixture data are required. Many of the low-density and equation-of-state quantities can be obtained with sufficient accuracy from existing correlation schemes. The technique has been applied to three binary systems for which accurate measurements exist: He-Ar, Ne-Ar, and H 2 -CH 4 . There is agreement to about 1% up to densities 0.7 of the critical, and to about 5% for densities up to 1.8 times the critical for H 2 -CH 4 . The multicomponent generalization is also given but experimental data for comparison are lacking.

Composition dependence of the viscosity of dense gas mixtures

In this paper we present a method for predicting the composition dependence of the thermal conductivity of dense gas mixtures. The method requires the knowledge of the thermal conductivities of the pure component gases at high density, of the zero-density values of the thermal conductivities both of the pure components and of one binary mixture, and of the virial coefficients Bij and their derivatives dB ij dT . The Thorne-Enskog hard-sphere theory, after a minor correction for consistency with the Onsager reciprocal relations, is then used as an interpolating formula between the end points. An extension of the method to mixtures of dense polyatomic gases is also provided. For these gases, the transport of internal energy is assumed to be entirely kinetic (diffusion mechanism). The method has been applied to the three binary monatomic systems He-Ne, Ne-Ar and He-Ar at 30°C and up to a pressure of 20 MPa. The calculated values of the thermal conductivity of these systems agree with the best available experimental data to within the uncertainty of the latter (about 2%). No comparison was performed for the polyatomic species owing to the unavailability of reliable experimental data.

E. A. Mason

Papers

Equilibrium and transport properties of the noble gases and their mixtures at low density

Improved corresponding states principle for the noble gases

Equation of state for compressed liquids and their mixtures from the cohesive energy density

Composition dependence of the viscosity of dense gas mixtures

Composition dependence of the thermal conductivity of dense gas mixtures