https://chemical.eng.usm.my/bassim/PDF/photocatalytic%20degradation.pdf

Parameters affecting the photocatalytic degradation of dyes using TiO2-based photocatalysts: a review.

Ti-based alloys are finding ever-increasing applications in biomaterials due to their excellent mechanical, physical and biological performance. Nowdays, low modulus β-type Ti-based alloys are still being developed. Meanwhile, porous Ti-based alloys are being developed as an alternative orthopedic implant material, as they can provide good biological fixation through bone tissue ingrowth into the porous network. This paper focuses on recent developments of biomedical Ti-based alloys. It can be divided into four main sections. The first section focuses on the fundamental requirements titanium biomaterial should fulfill and its market and application prospects. This section is followed by discussing basic phases, alloying elements and mechanical properties of low modulus β-type Ti-based alloys. Thermal treatment, grain size, texture and properties in Ti-based alloys and their limitations are dicussed in the third section. Finally, the fourth section reviews the influence of microstructural configurations on mechanical properties of porous Ti-based alloys and all known methods for fabricating porous Ti-based alloys. This section also reviews prospects and challenges of porous Ti-based alloys, emphasizing their current status, future opportunities and obstacles for expanded applications. Overall, efforts have been made to reveal the latest scenario of bulk and porous Ti-based materials for biomedical applications.

/pdf/new-developments-of-ti-based-alloys-for-biomedical-1vs3nsqg8x.pdf

New Developments of Ti-Based Alloys for Biomedical Applications

Nanomaterials, defined as particles ranging from 1 to 100 nm diameter, have become widely utilized because of their unique physicochemical properties. Among those nanoparticles, titanium dioxide (TiO2) is frequently used in the production of paints, paper, plastics, welding rod-coating material, cosmetics, etc. TiO2 is the most commonly used semiconductor photocatalyst. Among the different nanomaterials, it is the most studied. Activated by UV-A irradiation, its photocatalytic properties have been utilized in various applications. A wealth of information on TiO2 photocatalytic in activation of bacteria has been acquired over the last 20 years. Hence, in this review article we have described synthesis methods mainly sol–gel type method like sol–gel method, ultrasonic-assisted sol–gel method, microemulsion method, colloidal synthesis, and also other method are discussed like solvo-thermal method, thermal plasma process, supersonically expanded plasma jet method, induction plasma torch, reactive plasma processing, plasma electrolytic oxidation, hydrolysis method, thermohydrolysis method, coprecipitation method, citrate–nitrate autocombustion method, etc. Also applications of TiO2 like medical applications, environmental application, sensor application, photocatalytic applications, and also its health impact for long-term exposure are discussed.

A review on nano-TiO2 sol–gel type syntheses and its applications

A Review on Biomedical Titanium Alloys: Recent Progress and Prospect

The phenomenal increase during the past decade in research utilizing pulsed electric current to activate sintering is attributed generally to the intrinsic advantages of the method relative to conventional sintering methods and to the observations of the enhanced properties of materials consolidated by this method. This review focuses on the fundamental aspects of the process, discussing the reported observations and simulation studies in terms of the basic aspects of the process and identifying the intrinsic benefits of the use of the parameters of current (and pulsing), pressure, and heating rate.

Electric Current Activation of Sintering: A Review of the Pulsed Electric Current Sintering Process

The present synchrotron sources with brilliant x-ray beams, due to high photon fluxes, small source sizes and high collimation, have revolutionized x-ray physics. Enormous progress has been initiated in all established x-ray methods, with the aim of the development of new types of spectroscopy. This is particularly true for the spectroscopy of the dynamics in condensed matter. Meanwhile, there are two powerful x-ray methods with very high-energy resolution available for the study of low energetic excitations like phonons. This review summarizes the developments of these methods focusing on these instrumental developments of the spectrometers using either crystal optics in close-to-backscattering geometry or nuclear resonant techniques. Applications to measurements of phonon dispersion curves and of phonon density of states in ordered and disordered solids and in liquids are presented. It is shown how x-ray results are stimulating improvements in the theoretical approaches to the dynamics. New insights into the dynamics of liquids are discussed. The sensitivities of the spectroscopies allow the study of vibrational behaviour in very small amounts of material even in nanometre-sized thin films or particles. We can already analyse the phonon spectrum of a monolayered nuclear resonant isotope. Prospects of the techniques are also demonstrated.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0034-4885/63/2/203/pdf

Phonon spectroscopy by inelastic x-ray scattering

This work offers information on the new technologies that have made it possible to achieve inelastic scattering of X-rays, which allow direct observation of the small energy shifts of photons. Studies of lattice vibrations, of excitations in molecular crystals, of collective excitations in liquids and electronic excitations in crystals demonstrating the broad applicability and power of this new technology, are all discussed. The energies of very small excitations of condensed matter (crystals, liquids), important not only in physics, but particularly in biology, chemistry and materials sciences can also be measured by inelastic X-ray scattering. The technology is expected to become a standard diagnostic method in these disciplines.

Inelastic Scattering of X-Rays With Very High Energy Resolution

We have investigated the magnetic spin structure of a soft-magnetic film that is exchange-coupled to a hard-magnetic layer to form an exchange-spring layer system. The depth dependence of the magnetization direction was determined by nuclear resonant scattering of synchrotron radiation from ultrathin $^{\mathrm{57}}\mathrm{F}\mathrm{e}$ probe layers. In an external field a magnetic spiral structure forms that can be described within a one-dimensional micromagnetical model. The experimental method allows one to image vertical spin structures in stratified media with unprecedented accuracy.

Imaging the magnetic spin structure of exchange-coupled thin films.

We present high resolution inelastic x-ray scattering measurements of the coherent dynamic structure factor $S(Q,\ensuremath{\omega})$ of liquid lithium at momentum transfers $0.36\ensuremath{\le}Q\ensuremath{\le}5{\AA{}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. The determined $S(Q,\ensuremath{\omega})$ agrees much better with molecular dynamic simulations using the neutral pseudo-atom potential rather than the empty core potential. We observe a positive dispersion in the sound velocity confirming that in liquid lithium the longitudinal dynamics reaches a solid-like response at high frequencies.

E. Burkel

Papers

Phonon spectroscopy by inelastic x-ray scattering

Inelastic Scattering of X-Rays With Very High Energy Resolution

Imaging the magnetic spin structure of exchange-coupled thin films.

Coherent dynamic structure factor of liquid lithium by inelastic x-ray scattering

Quasielastic Scattering of Synchrotron Radiation by Time Domain Interferometry