世界経済・社会統計 = World development indicators

Food in the Anthropocene: the EAT–Lancet Commission on healthy diets from sustainable food systems

Common understanding of the causes of land-use and land-cover change is dominated by simplifications which, in turn, underlie many environment-development policies. This article tracks some of the major myths on driving forces of land-cover change and proposes alternative pathways of change that are better supported by case study evidence. Cases reviewed support the conclusion that neither population nor poverty alone constitute the sole and major underlying causes of land-cover change worldwide. Rather, peoples’ responses to economic opportunities, as mediated by institutional factors, drive land-cover changes. Opportunities and

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The causes of land-use and land-cover change: moving beyond the myths

Sustainable Development Goals

Integrated studies of coupled human and natural systems reveal new and complex patterns and processes not evident when studied by social or natural scientists separately. Synthesis of six case studies from around the world shows that couplings between human and natural systems vary across space, time, and organizational units. They also exhibit nonlinear dynamics with thresholds, reciprocal feedback loops, time lags, resilience, heterogeneity, and surprises. Furthermore, past couplings have legacy effects on present conditions and future possibilities.

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Complexity of coupled human and natural systems

Adaptation to challenges

Critical social science perspectives on transformations to sustainability

The Amazon River delta may be currently characterized biophysically as a relatively preserved delta compared to the rampant vulnerability of many of the world’s large deltas. This status of relative preservation is reflected in a number of criteria: The still largely free-flowing nature of many of the rivers and the main stem of the Amazon that feed the delta in sediment, exceptional biodiversity, dominant shoreline accretion, and the absence of anthropogenically-generated subsidence. In this review, we show that these relatively reassuring conditions are progressively being called into question by the effects of dams on fluvial sediment supply to the delta, by increasing demographic, urban, and land development pressures in this still largely underpopulated delta, and by problems of governance that underplay aspects of basin-wide and deltaic environmental deterioration. A major challenge is that of bringing together these contrasting demands that are leading to the emergence of zones of environmental stress that test the resilience of this delta. An integral part of the strategy for the analysis of collective action, management, and conservation is that of considering the Amazon delta in terms of interacting socio-ecological systems. Pressures on the delta will be compounded in the future by decreasing fluvial sediment supply and sea-level rise. Although climate change is projected to generate surplus sediment, the rapid growth of dam constructions upstream of the delta will negatively impact the river’s sediment flux. Conservation and management of the Amazon River system aimed at keeping the delta resilient in the context of sea-level rise and reduction of sediment supply will require clear governance and better planning and anticipation, as well as socio-ecological integration. These are also requirements that will need to be implemented in the 1500 km-long coastal zone of the Guianas countries located west of the Amazon delta and the sediment dynamics and stability of which are largely determined by sediment supply from the Amazon

https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/13/10/1371/pdf

Sustainable Management, Conservation, and Restoration of the Amazon River Delta and Amazon-Influenced Guianas Coast: A Review

The National Agricultural Census of 2006 presented, for the first time, a portrait of small scale agriculture in Brazil, highlighting its central importance in terms of food production and rural employment. Using the 2006 census as a context, this article discusses the implications of different terms, such as traditional agriculture and family agriculture, used to define small scale agriculture in Brazil. We use data from 2,400 families in seven colonization settlements included as part of the Brazilian pilot public policy program Proambiente to discuss the influence of variables (e.g. socio-demographic, economic, and infrastructure) on the land use in the Brazilian Amazon. The article concludes by stressing the importance of infrastructure and rural credit in promoting different trajectories of agroecological transitions among small scale producers in the Brazilian Amazon. Keywords : land use, ecological economics, agricultural economics, traditional agriculture, family agriculture, agroecological transition, Amazon Basin.

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Agricultura de pequena escala e suas implicações na transição agroecológica na amazônia brasileira

Cet article etudie les defis rencontres par la gouvernance environnementale sous l’effet combine de la connectivite accrue des systemes d’exploitation des ressources et des interdependances fonctionnelles croissantes des systemes socio-ecologiques. Nous nous pencherons sur l’exemple du Parc indigene du Xingu (PIX) au Bresil et de sa region agro-industrielle environnante, avant d’elargir notre examen a la litterature consacree a la gouvernance des ressources, dans laquelle nous mettrons en evidence les points de consensus et de divergences. Notre propos sera de montrer qu’aucun niveau spatial ou temporel fixe ne se suffit a lui-meme pour parvenir a une gouvernance durable, efficace et equitable des ecosystemes et de leurs services. Nous soulignerons ainsi la necessite de reconnaitre le caractere multi-niveaux de ces enjeux, ainsi que le role facilitateur joue, a l’egard de la gouvernance environnementale transversale, par les institutions, composante d’autant plus importante du capital social qu’elle conditionne la protection a long terme des ecosystemes et du bien-etre des differentes populations.

Eduardo S. Brondizio

Papers

Adaptation to challenges

Critical social science perspectives on transformations to sustainability

Sustainable Management, Conservation, and Restoration of the Amazon River Delta and Amazon-Influenced Guianas Coast: A Review

Agricultura de pequena escala e suas implicações na transição agroecológica na amazônia brasileira

Connectivité et gouvernance des systèmes socio-écologiques multiniveaux : le rôle du capital social