抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

The chemistry of graphene oxide is discussed in this critical review Particular emphasis is directed toward the synthesis of graphene oxide, as well as its structure Graphene oxide as a substrate for a variety of chemical transformations, including its reduction to graphene-like materials, is also discussed This review will be of value to synthetic chemists interested in this emerging field of materials science, as well as those investigating applications of graphene who would find a more thorough treatment of the chemistry of graphene oxide useful in understanding the scope and limitations of current approaches which utilize this material (91 references)

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The chemistry of graphene oxide

An improved method for the preparation of graphene oxide (GO) is described. Currently, Hummers’ method (KMnO4, NaNO3, H2SO4) is the most common method used for preparing graphene oxide. We have found that excluding the NaNO3, increasing the amount of KMnO4, and performing the reaction in a 9:1 mixture of H2SO4/H3PO4 improves the efficiency of the oxidation process. This improved method provides a greater amount of hydrophilic oxidized graphene material as compared to Hummers’ method or Hummers’ method with additional KMnO4. Moreover, even though the GO produced by our method is more oxidized than that prepared by Hummers’ method, when both are reduced in the same chamber with hydrazine, chemically converted graphene (CCG) produced from this new method is equivalent in its electrical conductivity. In contrast to Hummers’ method, the new method does not generate toxic gas and the temperature is easily controlled. This improved synthesis of GO may be important for large-scale production of GO as well as the ...

https://www.researchgate.net/file.PostFileLoader.html?id=54ca19b4cf57d79a768b4618&assetKey=AS%3A273691751976961%401442264606356

Improved Synthesis of Graphene Oxide

There is intense interest in graphene in fields such as physics, chemistry, and materials science, among others. Interest in graphene's exceptional physical properties, chemical tunability, and potential for applications has generated thousands of publications and an accelerating pace of research, making review of such research timely. Here is an overview of the synthesis, properties, and applications of graphene and related materials (primarily, graphite oxide and its colloidal suspensions and materials made from them), from a materials science perspective.

/pdf/graphene-and-graphene-oxide-synthesis-properties-and-2q80uaujok.pdf

Graphene and Graphene Oxide: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) offer the possibilities to design solar cells with a large flexibility in shape, color, and transparency. DSC research groups have been established around the worl ...

/pdf/dye-sensitized-solar-cells-50b0w2bhsr.pdf

Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

Verfahren zur herstellung isolierter mikro- und nanostrukturen unter verwendung von soft- oder druck-lithographie

Apart from their obvious macroscopic differences that follow from their respective molecular dynamical differences, ordinary liquids are readily distinguished from solids on a microscopic scale by the absence of long-range translational and orientational molecular order. Nevertheless, one frequently refers to “structure” in liquids: short-range, near-neighbor spatial and angular correlations which, in the absence of specific intermolecular interactions (e.g. dipolar, hydrogen bonding, etc.) facilitate the “packing” of molecules at liquid densities.(1) Such correlations may be somewhat more exaggerated in liquids composed of anisometric molecules with high aspect ratios (rod-or disclike molecules), but even in such fluids the correlation lengths rarely exceed a very few (two or three) molecular dimensions.

Some Physico-Chemical Aspects of Polymeric Liquid Crystals

A pre-preg product, such as a tape or sheet suitable for forming a composite having reinforcement fibers and a liquid crystal thermoset (LCT) precursor is provided. Further aspects of the invention are directed to a method for preparation of the pre-preg product and to composite products based on the pre-preg product.

Pre-preg and composite products comprising fibers and a liquid crystal thermoset precursor

L'invention concerne une plaque de construction pour une imprimante tridimensionnelle comprenant une base plane permeable aux gaz optiquement transparente et rigide dotee d'une surface superieure et d'une surface inferieure opposee ; une couche adhesive permeable au gaz sur la surface superieure de base ; et une feuille permeable au gaz optiquement transparent et souple presentant des surfaces superieure et inferieure, la surface superieure comprenant une surface de construction pour former un objet tridimensionnel, la surface inferieure de la feuille etant positionnee sur la couche adhesive opposee a la base.

Plaques de construction pour impression avec interface liquide continue comprenant une base perméable et un adhésif permettant d'augmenter la perméabilité, et procédés, systèmes et dispositifs associés

We have fabricated bulk heterojunction photovoltaic (PV) cells using a perfluoropolyether (PFPE) elastomeric stamp to
control the morphology of the donor-acceptor interface within devices. Devices were fabricated using the Pattern
Replication In Non-wetting Templates (PRINT) process to have nanoscale control over the bulk heterojunction device
architecture. The low-surface energy, chemically resistant, variable modulus, fluoropolymer based molds used in
PRINT provide a route to patterning, with nanometer resolution, general polymeric donor materials such as
polythiophene and polyphenylenevinylene derivatives and 'hard' inorganic oxide structures typically used as acceptor
materials in hybrid organic solar cells such as TiO 2 , ZnO, and CdSe. This "top-down" approach allows for patterning
over large areas and for the functionalization of the donor/acceptor interface. Specifically, nanostructured anatase titania
with post-like features ranging from 30-100 nm in diameter and 30-65 nm in height was fabricated to form the ordered
bulk heterojunction of a titania-poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) PV-cell. Nanostructured devices showed a two-fold
improvement in both short-circuit current (J sc ) and power conversion efficiency (PCE) relative to reference bilayer cells.
Additionally, we will discuss devices fabricated with other organic and inorganic materials in order to investigate the
effect on cell performance of controlling the nanoscale architecture of the bulk heterojunction via patterning.

Edward T. Samulski

Papers

Verfahren zur herstellung isolierter mikro- und nanostrukturen unter verwendung von soft- oder druck-lithographie

Some Physico-Chemical Aspects of Polymeric Liquid Crystals

Pre-preg and composite products comprising fibers and a liquid crystal thermoset precursor

Plaques de construction pour impression avec interface liquide continue comprenant une base perméable et un adhésif permettant d'augmenter la perméabilité, et procédés, systèmes et dispositifs associés

A soft lithography route to nanopatterned photovoltaic devices