http://kfrserver.natur.cuni.cz/studium/prednasky/vyberclanku/pdf/p68_ucit/7_LIMAYEM.pdf

Lignocellulosic biomass for bioethanol production: current perspectives, potential issues and future prospects.

Fungi are considered the primary decomposers of dead plant biomass in terrestrial ecosystems. However, current knowledge regarding the successive changes in fungal communities during litter decomposition is limited. Here we explored the development of the fungal community over 24 months of litter decomposition in a temperate forest with dominant Quercus petraea using 454-pyrosequencing of the fungal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and cellobiohydrolase I (cbhI) genes, which encode exocellulases, to specifically address cellulose decomposers. To quantify the involvement of phyllosphere fungi in litter decomposition, the fungal communities in live leaves and leaves immediately before abscission were also analysed. The results showed rapid succession of fungi with dramatic changes in the composition of the fungal community. Furthermore, most of the abundant taxa only temporarily dominated in the substrate. Fungal diversity was lowest at leaf senescence, increased until month 4 and did not significantly change during subsequent decomposition. Highly diverse community of phyllosphere fungi inhabits live oak leaves 2 months before abscission, and these phyllosphere taxa comprise a significant share of the fungal community during early decomposition up to the fourth month. Sequences assigned to the Ascomycota showed highest relative abundances in live leaves and during the early stages of decomposition. In contrast, the relative abundance of sequences assigned to the Basidiomycota phylum, particularly basidiomycetous yeasts, increased with time. Although cellulose was available in the litter during all stages of decomposition, the community of cellulolytic fungi changed substantially over time. The results indicate that litter decomposition is a highly complex process mediated by various fungal taxa.

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Fungal community on decomposing leaf litter undergoes rapid successional changes

Pullulan: Microbial sources, production and applications

Characteristics and Properties of Foodborne Yeasts Morphological and Physiological Characteristics Biochemical Characteristics Molecular Characteristics Classification of Yeasts Traditional Classification Molecular Taxonomy and Phylogeny Current Classification of Yeasts Overview of Selected Yeast Taxa Ecology Biodiversity of Yeasts in Natural Habitats Ecological Factors Outline of Metabolism Nutrients Substrate Transport Intermediary Metabolism Alcoholic Fermentation Oxidative Processes Regulation Growth, Life Cycle, Death Growth Characteristics Death and Inactivation Cell Cycle Stress Responses Preservation: Inhibition and Inactivation Heat inactivation Refrigeration and Freezing Dehydration (Drying) Irradiation Alternative and Novel Preservation Technologies Chemical Inhibition Sanitizers and Disinfectants Combined Effects Yeasts in Specific Types of Foods Fruits Fruit Juices and Soft Drinks Vegetables Alcoholic Beverages Fermented Foods Bread and Bakery Products High-Sugar Products Dairy Products Meat, Poultry, Fish and Seafoods Detection and Enumeration Conventional Enumeration Techniques Selective and Differential Media Rapid and Alternative Methods Identification Phenotypic Identification Procedures Identification Kits and Systems Simplified Identification Schemes Computer-Assisted Identification Non-Traditional Identification Techniques Molecular Techniques Outlook Potential Exploitation of Yeasts Beyond Making Bread, Beer and Wine Improvement of Yeast Strains Used in Production Genomics Appendices Media for Detection, Enumeration and Identification of Foodborne Yeasts Simplified Identification for the Most Common Foodborne Yeasts Index of Scientific Names Subject Index

Handbook of Food Spoilage Yeasts

Hypersaline waters in salterns - natural ecological niches for halophilic black yeasts.

Yeasts are common inhabitants of the phyllosphere, but our knowledge of their diversity in various plant organs is still limited. This study focused on the diversity of yeasts and yeast-like organi...

Yeasts and yeast-like organisms associated with fruits and blossoms of different fruit trees

The tolerance of seventy yeast strains belonging to 15 species, isolated from water and soil environments as well as from tree leaves, to four heavy metals – copper, zinc, nickel and cadmium were studied. We have found that the interspecific and intraspecific variations in metal tolerance among studied strains were considerable. The highest interspecific variations were observed toward copper and cadmium.

The strains of the species Sporobolomyces salmonicolor , Cryptococcus albidus , Cystofilobasidium capitatum, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Candida maltosa belonged to the most sensitive ones. In general ascomycetous yeasts were more tolerant to heavy metals than basidiomycetous ones. The differences among strains that came from various natural sources were also found. The most sensitive yeast population originated from untilled soil whereas the most tolerant population was isolated from tree leaves. (© 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

Metal tolerance of yeasts isolated from water, soil and plant environments.

One hundred and eleven yeast strains were isolated from 60 agricultural soil samples. The samples were taken from four various fields located in the southwest of Slovakia. Cryptococcus laurentii, Candida maltosa, Metschnikowia pulcherrima, and Sporobolomyces salmonicolor were the predominant species in the samples collected from all four types of fields. These species represented 78.4-86.6% of the total yeast counts.The results obtained enabled comparisons to be made between forest and agricultural soil yeast population. We have found out that the yeast population in tilled soils was significantly reduced. The number of yeasts in the tilled soils ranged from 40 to 6.8 x 10(3) CFU/g soil and the average number reached approximately 1.12 x 10(3). This number is more than ten times lower in comparison with the forest soils.

The diversity of yeasts in the agricultural soil.

One hundred and eighty one yeast strains were isolated from 180 soil samples collected in three types of forest. The samples were taken during one year. The yeast species found were similar in spite of distinct forest types. Cryptococcus laurentii, Cystofilobasidium capitatum, Leucosporidium scottii, Rhodotorula aurantiaca, and Trichosporon cutaneum were the predominant species in both deciduous and coniferous forests.



The number of yeasts ranged from 1.5 × 103 to 1.1 × 104 CFU/g soil. We found that yeasts occurred unevenly in soils during the year. The lowest number of yeasts was ascertained in December and the highest one in May.

Elena Sláviková

Papers

Yeasts and yeast-like organisms associated with fruits and blossoms of different fruit trees

Metal tolerance of yeasts isolated from water, soil and plant environments.

The diversity of yeasts in the agricultural soil.

The occurrence of yeasts in the forest soils.

Genotypic Identification of Saccharomyces Species using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Analysis