This paper provides a comprehensive review of fuel cell science and engineering with a focus on hydrogen fuel cells. The paper provides a concise, up-to-date review of fuel cell fundamentals; history; competing technologies; types; advantages and challenges; portable, stationary, and transportation applications and markets; current status of research-and-development; future targets; design levels; thermodynamic and electrochemical principles; system evaluation factors; and prospects and outlook. The most current data from industry and academia have been used with the relation between fuel cell fundamentals and applications highlighted throughout the manuscript.

An overview of fuel cell technology: Fundamentals and applications

Materials, technological status, and fundamentals of PEM fuel cells – A review

Developments in fuel cell technologies in the transport sector

Abstract Water sorption, desorption, and permeation in and through Nafion 112, 115, 1110 and 1123 membranes were measured as functions of temperature between 30 and 90 °C. Water permeation increased with temperature. Water permeation from liquid water increased with the water activity difference across the membrane. Water permeation from humidified gas into dry nitrogen went through a maximum with the water activity difference across the membrane. These results suggested that the membrane was less swollen in the presence of water vapor and that a thin skin formed on the dry side of the membrane that reduced permeability to water. Permeation was only weakly dependent on membrane thickness; results indicated that interfacial mass transport at the membrane/gas interface was the limiting resistance. The diffusivity of water in Nafion deduced from water sorption into a dry Nafion film was almost two orders of magnitude slower than the diffusivity determined from permeation experiments. The rate of water sorption did not scale with the membrane thickness as predicted by a Fickian diffusion analysis. The results indicated that water sorption was limited by the rate of swelling of the Nafion. Water desorption from a water saturated film was an order of magnitude faster than water sorption. Water desorption appeared to be limited by the rate of interfacial transport across the membrane/gas interface. The analysis of water permeation and sorption data identifies different regimes of water transport and sorption in Nafion membranes corresponding to diffusion through the membrane, interfacial transport across the membrane–gas interface and swelling of the polymer to accommodate water.

Water absorption, desorption and transport in nafion membranes

Improving sustainability of maritime transport through utilization of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) for propulsion

CO2 emissions from a spark ignition engine operating on natural gas–hydrogen blends (HCNG)

Exergy analysis of PEM fuel cells for marine applications

Review of implantable and external abiotically catalysed glucose fuel cells and the differences between their membranes and catalysts

Direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) and H2 proton exchange membrane fuel (PEMFC/H2) cell performance under atmospheric flight conditions of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

Autonomous underwater vehicles powered by fuel cells: Design guidelines

Emilio Navarro

Papers

CO2 emissions from a spark ignition engine operating on natural gas–hydrogen blends (HCNG)

Exergy analysis of PEM fuel cells for marine applications

Review of implantable and external abiotically catalysed glucose fuel cells and the differences between their membranes and catalysts

Direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) and H2 proton exchange membrane fuel (PEMFC/H2) cell performance under atmospheric flight conditions of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

Autonomous underwater vehicles powered by fuel cells: Design guidelines