The growth of a vapor bubble in a superheated liquid is controlled by three factors: the inertia of the liquid, the surface tension, and the vapor pressure. As the bubble grows, evaporation takes place at the bubble boundary, and the temperature and vapor pressure in the bubble are thereby decreased. The heat inflow requirement of evaporation, however, depends on the rate of bubble growth, so that the dynamic problem is linked with a heat diffusion problem. Since the heat diffusion problem has been solved, a quantitative formulation of the dynamic problem can be given. A solution for the radius of the vapor bubble as a function of time is obtained which is valid for sufficiently large radius. This asymptotic solution covers the range of physical interest since the radius at which it becomes valid is near the lower limit of experimental observation. It shows the strong effect of heat diffusion on the rate of bubble growth. Comparison of the predicted radius‐time behavior is made with experimental observations in superheated water, and very good agreement is found.

The growth of vapor bubbles in superheated liquids. report no. 26-6

An experimental study of flash evaporation from liquid pools

https://www.seas.upenn.edu/~lior/documents/Formulasforcalculatingtheapproachtoequilibriuminopenchannelflashevaporatorsforsalinewater.pdf

Formulas for Calculating the Approach to Equilibrium in Open Channel Flash Evaporators for Saline Water

Desalination is the process used to get the pure water from saline/brackish water to meet the water crises demand. Thermal desalination processes are mainly used for the mass production in industrial units. Flash evaporation is one of the main thermal desalination process used in industries. It has an opportunity to utilize this concept to develop the small-scale plant and domestic applications. This paper attempts to review the factors that affect the flash evaporation desalination process and discuss the performance of the different configurations.

A review on flash evaporation desalination

Investigation of single-phase flow patterns in a model flash evaporation chamber using PIV measurement and numerical simulation

https://www.seas.upenn.edu/~lior/documents/Theeffectofgasbubblesonflashevaporation.pdf

The effect of gas bubbles on flash evaporation

Some experiments on flash evaporation enhancement by electrolytically generated bubbles

The equipment producing a cusp type magnetic field, which is used to trap high temperature plasma, by a pair of superconducting magnets, was constructed.The working space of a cusp field is 20mm between the two magnets and 10mm in the inner diameter of each magnet. The rated magnetic field at the center of each coil is 40kG. The maximum tested field is 55kG. Each superconducting coil is sealed in a liquid helium vessel, to which liquid helium is supplied from a liquid helium supplying vessel. The capacity of the liquid helium supplying vessel is about 5l, and the average helium loss is about 1.8l/h at 40kG of the field strength.

https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jcsj1966/3/5/3_5_214/_pdf

Superconducting Magnet Producing a Cusp Type Magnetic Field for High Temperature Plasma Trapping

Development Status of Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell

Internal reforming molten carbonate fuel cell realizes high power generating efficiency by utilizing its generated heats in the cell to convert fuels into hydrogen rich gases. One of the crucial problem is deactivation of catalysts loaded in the cell. Deactivation phenomena of catalysts have been investigated by analyzing various catalysts after operating several thousands hours. The analyzed data suggest that the deactivation of catalyst is caused by the sintering of catalyst and support material. A correlation equation has been derived relating between the surface area or the specific dameter of catalysts and modified operation time, which explains the effect of operating temperature. Decay characteristics of reforming rate of internal reforming fuel cells have been predicted using this equation. They have shown same trend with experimental decay characteristics of several cells and stacks, utilizing various fuel gas compositions under the different flow patterns and the different operation temperatures.

Enju Nishiyama

Papers

The effect of gas bubbles on flash evaporation

Some experiments on flash evaporation enhancement by electrolytically generated bubbles

Superconducting Magnet Producing a Cusp Type Magnetic Field for High Temperature Plasma Trapping

Development Status of Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell

Endurance Characteristics of Internal Reforming Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells