A comprehensive review of spatiotemporal pattern formation in systems driven away from equilibrium is presented, with emphasis on comparisons between theory and quantitative experiments. Examples include patterns in hydrodynamic systems such as thermal convection in pure fluids and binary mixtures, Taylor-Couette flow, parametric-wave instabilities, as well as patterns in solidification fronts, nonlinear optics, oscillatory chemical reactions and excitable biological media. The theoretical starting point is usually a set of deterministic equations of motion, typically in the form of nonlinear partial differential equations. These are sometimes supplemented by stochastic terms representing thermal or instrumental noise, but for macroscopic systems and carefully designed experiments the stochastic forces are often negligible. An aim of theory is to describe solutions of the deterministic equations that are likely to be reached starting from typical initial conditions and to persist at long times. A unified description is developed, based on the linear instabilities of a homogeneous state, which leads naturally to a classification of patterns in terms of the characteristic wave vector q0 and frequency ω0 of the instability. Type Is systems (ω0=0, q0≠0) are stationary in time and periodic in space; type IIIo systems (ω0≠0, q0=0) are periodic in time and uniform in space; and type Io systems (ω0≠0, q0≠0) are periodic in both space and time. Near a continuous (or supercritical) instability, the dynamics may be accurately described via "amplitude equations," whose form is universal for each type of instability. The specifics of each system enter only through the nonuniversal coefficients. Far from the instability threshold a different universal description known as the "phase equation" may be derived, but it is restricted to slow distortions of an ideal pattern. For many systems appropriate starting equations are either not known or too complicated to analyze conveniently. It is thus useful to introduce phenomenological order-parameter models, which lead to the correct amplitude equations near threshold, and which may be solved analytically or numerically in the nonlinear regime away from the instability. The above theoretical methods are useful in analyzing "real pattern effects" such as the influence of external boundaries, or the formation and dynamics of defects in ideal structures. An important element in nonequilibrium systems is the appearance of deterministic chaos. A greal deal is known about systems with a small number of degrees of freedom displaying "temporal chaos," where the structure of the phase space can be analyzed in detail. For spatially extended systems with many degrees of freedom, on the other hand, one is dealing with spatiotemporal chaos and appropriate methods of analysis need to be developed. In addition to the general features of nonequilibrium pattern formation discussed above, detailed reviews of theoretical and experimental work on many specific systems are presented. These include Rayleigh-Benard convection in a pure fluid, convection in binary-fluid mixtures, electrohydrodynamic convection in nematic liquid crystals, Taylor-Couette flow between rotating cylinders, parametric surface waves, patterns in certain open flow systems, oscillatory chemical reactions, static and dynamic patterns in biological media, crystallization fronts, and patterns in nonlinear optics. A concluding section summarizes what has and has not been accomplished, and attempts to assess the prospects for the future.

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Pattern formation outside of equilibrium

The use of a latent heat storage system using phase change materials (PCMs) is an effective way of storing thermal energy and has the advantages of high-energy storage density and the isothermal nature of the storage process. PCMs have been widely used in latent heat thermal-storage systems for heat pumps, solar engineering, and spacecraft thermal control applications. The uses of PCMs for heating and cooling applications for buildings have been investigated within the past decade. There are large numbers of PCMs that melt and solidify at a wide range of temperatures, making them attractive in a number of applications. This paper also summarizes the investigation and analysis of the available thermal energy storage systems incorporating PCMs for use in different applications.

Review on thermal energy storage with phase change materials and applications

We wrote it to be read by, and taught to, senior undergraduates and starting graduate students, rather than studied in a research laboratory. We wrote it using the same style and sentence construction that we have used in countless classroom lectures, rather than how we have written our countless (and much-less read) formal scientificpapers. In this respect particularly, wehave been deliberate in notreferencing the sources of every experimental fact or theoretical concept (although we do include some hints and clues in the chapters). However, at the end of each chapter we have included groups of references that should lead you to the best sources in the literature and help you go into more depth as you become more confident about what you are looking for. We are great believers in the value of history as the basis for under- standing the present and so the history of the techniques and key historical references are threaded throughout the book. Just because a reference is dated in the previous century (or even the antepenultimate century) doesn’t mean it isn’t useful! Likewise, with the numerous figures drawn from across the fields of materials science and engineering and nanotechnology, we do not reference the source in each caption. But at the very end of the book each of our many generous colleagues whose work we have used is clearly acknowledged.

Transmission Electron Microscopy

Humans perceive the three-dimensional structure of the world with apparent ease. However, despite all of the recent advances in computer vision research, the dream of having a computer interpret an image at the same level as a two-year old remains elusive. Why is computer vision such a challenging problem and what is the current state of the art? Computer Vision: Algorithms and Applications explores the variety of techniques commonly used to analyze and interpret images. It also describes challenging real-world applications where vision is being successfully used, both for specialized applications such as medical imaging, and for fun, consumer-level tasks such as image editing and stitching, which students can apply to their own personal photos and videos. More than just a source of recipes, this exceptionally authoritative and comprehensive textbook/reference also takes a scientific approach to basic vision problems, formulating physical models of the imaging process before inverting them to produce descriptions of a scene. These problems are also analyzed using statistical models and solved using rigorous engineering techniques Topics and features: structured to support active curricula and project-oriented courses, with tips in the Introduction for using the book in a variety of customized courses; presents exercises at the end of each chapter with a heavy emphasis on testing algorithms and containing numerous suggestions for small mid-term projects; provides additional material and more detailed mathematical topics in the Appendices, which cover linear algebra, numerical techniques, and Bayesian estimation theory; suggests additional reading at the end of each chapter, including the latest research in each sub-field, in addition to a full Bibliography at the end of the book; supplies supplementary course material for students at the associated website, http://szeliski.org/Book/. Suitable for an upper-level undergraduate or graduate-level course in computer science or engineering, this textbook focuses on basic techniques that work under real-world conditions and encourages students to push their creative boundaries. Its design and exposition also make it eminently suitable as a unique reference to the fundamental techniques and current research literature in computer vision.

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Computer Vision: Algorithms and Applications

Review on thermal energy storage with phase change: materials, heat transfer analysis and applications

Heat transfer—A review of 1979 literature

Lateral-Edge Effects on Natural Convection Heat Transfer From an Isothermal Vertical Plate

Methods are developed for the successive determination of the refractive index, thickness, and extinction coefficient of a slightly absorbing thin film situated on a slightly absorbing or transparent substrate. The refractive index is found from a measurement of the Brewster angle for the film–substrate interface. This Brewster angle, termed the second-surface Brewster angle, is shown to be highly insensitive to small values of the extinction coefficient. The film thickness is deduced from measurements of the angles at which maxima and minima occur in the measured distribution of reflectance vs angle of incidence. Thus, neither the refractive index nor the thickness determinations requires the magnitude of the reflectance as input. On the other hand, the extinction coefficient is deduced from the value of the reflectance at a maximum point in the distribution of reflectance vs incidence angle.

Refractive Index, Thickness, and Extinction Coefficient of Slightly Absorbing Thin Films

Mesure de la repartition des pressions dans des couches a 90, 60 et 30° de conduites circulaires de 1,59 m de diametre parcourues par des ecoulements d'air turbulent pour des valeurs du nombre de Reynolds allant de 5000 a 100000

Turbulent Flow and Heat Transfer in Bends of Circular Cross Section: II—Pressure Distribution Experiments

Extensive recent published literature has shown that the use of selectively highly reflecting coatings for solar beam radiation incident on roof surfaces during the summer has increased the solar albedo and decreased the need for electricity consumption to maintain building temperatures. In this paper, other issues relevant to the temperatures, heat fluxes, and human comfort related to solar energy are addressed. In particular, numerical simulation is used to focus on limited locations in the United States (Phoenix, AZ, Miami, FL, and Minneapolis, MN) for mid-summer and mid-winter climatic conditions. At these locations, two different insulation systems relevant to residential housing in the United States are considered. Not only is solar beam radiation taken into account, but also is infrared sky radiation, humidity of the surrounding air, cloud cover, air temperature, and the emissivity of water vapor droplets. The results presented include: (a) diurnal temperature and heat flux variations at the exterior surfaces, (b) temperatures and heat fluxes at internal surfaces, (c) heat flowing from the internal surfaces, (d) an accounting of the heat transferred respectively by conduction, convection, and radiation at the exterior surface, (e) convective heat transfer coefficients at the exterior surface. The results are presented over a 24-h period on both June 21 and December 21. Equal focus was given to summer-season and winter-season performance of the radiatively selective coating. It was found that although the coating was highly advantageous for summer conditions, it significantly increased the power requirements for winter heating.

Temperature and heat flux at residential surfaces due to solar-beam radiative selectivity, geography/climate, insulation/structural configuration, humidity, and sky condition

Ephraim M Sparrow

Papers

Heat transfer—A review of 1979 literature

Lateral-Edge Effects on Natural Convection Heat Transfer From an Isothermal Vertical Plate

Refractive Index, Thickness, and Extinction Coefficient of Slightly Absorbing Thin Films

Turbulent Flow and Heat Transfer in Bends of Circular Cross Section: II—Pressure Distribution Experiments

Temperature and heat flux at residential surfaces due to solar-beam radiative selectivity, geography/climate, insulation/structural configuration, humidity, and sky condition