Showing papers by "Erin Michelle Buchanan published in 2022"
TL;DR: The authors empirically tested the universality of the effects of intent and personal force on moral dilemma judgements by replicating the experiments of Greene et al. in 45 countries from all inhabited continents and found that personal force and its interaction with intention exert influence on moral judgements in the US and Western cultural clusters, replicating and expanding the original findings.
Abstract: The study of moral judgements often centres on moral dilemmas in which options consistent with deontological perspectives (that is, emphasizing rules, individual rights and duties) are in conflict with options consistent with utilitarian judgements (that is, following the greater good based on consequences). Greene et al. (2009) showed that psychological and situational factors (for example, the intent of the agent or the presence of physical contact between the agent and the victim) can play an important role in moral dilemma judgements (for example, the trolley problem). Our knowledge is limited concerning both the universality of these effects outside the United States and the impact of culture on the situational and psychological factors affecting moral judgements. Thus, we empirically tested the universality of the effects of intent and personal force on moral dilemma judgements by replicating the experiments of Greene et al. in 45 countries from all inhabited continents. We found that personal force and its interaction with intention exert influence on moral judgements in the US and Western cultural clusters, replicating and expanding the original findings. Moreover, the personal force effect was present in all cultural clusters, suggesting it is culturally universal. The evidence for the cultural universality of the interaction effect was inconclusive in the Eastern and Southern cultural clusters (depending on exclusion criteria). We found no strong association between collectivism/individualism and moral dilemma judgements.
10 citations
TL;DR: Götz et al. as mentioned in this paper argue that psychology, like genetics, consists of complex phenomena explained by additive small effects and that psychological research culture rewards large effects, which means small effects are being ignored; and small effects become meaningful at scale and over time.
Abstract: In the January 2022 issue of Perspectives, Götz et al. argued that small effects are “the indispensable foundation for a cumulative psychological science.” They supported their argument by claiming that (a) psychology, like genetics, consists of complex phenomena explained by additive small effects; (b) psychological-research culture rewards large effects, which means small effects are being ignored; and (c) small effects become meaningful at scale and over time. We rebut these claims with three objections: First, the analogy between genetics and psychology is misleading; second, p values are the main currency for publication in psychology, meaning that any biases in the literature are (currently) caused by pressure to publish statistically significant results and not large effects; and third, claims regarding small effects as important and consequential must be supported by empirical evidence or, at least, a falsifiable line of reasoning. If accepted uncritically, we believe the arguments of Götz et al. could be used as a blanket justification for the importance of any and all “small” effects, thereby undermining best practices in effect-size interpretation. We end with guidance on evaluating effect sizes in relative, not absolute, terms.
9 citations
TL;DR: The authors empirically tested the universality of the effects of intent and personal force on moral dilemma judgements by replicating the experiments of Greene et al. in 45 countries from all inhabited continents and found that personal force and its interaction with intention exert influence on moral judgements in the US and Western cultural clusters, replicating and expanding the original findings.
Abstract: The study of moral judgements often centres on moral dilemmas in which options consistent with deontological perspectives (that is, emphasizing rules, individual rights and duties) are in conflict with options consistent with utilitarian judgements (that is, following the greater good based on consequences). Greene et al. (2009) showed that psychological and situational factors (for example, the intent of the agent or the presence of physical contact between the agent and the victim) can play an important role in moral dilemma judgements (for example, the trolley problem). Our knowledge is limited concerning both the universality of these effects outside the United States and the impact of culture on the situational and psychological factors affecting moral judgements. Thus, we empirically tested the universality of the effects of intent and personal force on moral dilemma judgements by replicating the experiments of Greene et al. in 45 countries from all inhabited continents. We found that personal force and its interaction with intention exert influence on moral judgements in the US and Western cultural clusters, replicating and expanding the original findings. Moreover, the personal force effect was present in all cultural clusters, suggesting it is culturally universal. The evidence for the cultural universality of the interaction effect was inconclusive in the Eastern and Southern cultural clusters (depending on exclusion criteria). We found no strong association between collectivism/individualism and moral dilemma judgements.
7 citations
TL;DR: In this article , the effects of message framing on COVID-19-related judgments, intentions, and feelings were investigated and found that loss-and gain-framed messages increased self-reported anxiety among participants with little-to-no impact on policy attitudes, behavioral intentions, or information seeking relevant to pandemic risks.
Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic (and its aftermath) highlights a critical need to communicate health information effectively to the global public. Given that subtle differences in information framing can have meaningful effects on behavior, behavioral science research highlights a pressing question: Is it more effective to frame COVID-19 health messages in terms of potential losses (e.g., “If you do not practice these steps, you can endanger yourself and others”) or potential gains (e.g., “If you practice these steps, you can protect yourself and others”)? Collecting data in 48 languages from 15,929 participants in 84 countries, we experimentally tested the effects of message framing on COVID-19-related judgments, intentions, and feelings. Loss- (vs. gain-) framed messages increased self-reported anxiety among participants cross-nationally with little-to-no impact on policy attitudes, behavioral intentions, or information seeking relevant to pandemic risks. These results were consistent across 84 countries, three variations of the message framing wording, and 560 data processing and analytic choices. Thus, results provide an empirical answer to a global communication question and highlight the emotional toll of loss-framed messages. Critically, this work demonstrates the importance of considering unintended affective consequences when evaluating nudge-style interventions.
5 citations
1 citations
TL;DR: This paper explored how features of measured attributes and individual differences affect the relationship between implicit and explicit measures using existing data and found that self-presentation, distinctiveness, elaboration/importance, and complementarity moderated the relationship of implicit and implicit evaluations across individuals irrespective of attribute targets.
1 citations
1 citations
1 citations
TL;DR: This article examined the role of state emotion regulation abilities in predicting positive and negative affect using a daily diary design (2812 daily surveys) and found that participants differed in within-individual variability for each domain of perceived state ER, and within-and between-individual fluctuations in perceived ER abilities predicted positive or negative affect.
Abstract: Emotion regulation (ER) abilities involve the capacity to manage the onset and course of emotions in service of situational goals, which facilitates affective changes dependent upon the contextual parameters. Despite the importance of ER abilities to psychopathology, understanding ER abilities across days, and how daily fluctuations in ER abilities relate to mood, is limited. This study examined the role of state ER in predicting positive and negative affect using a daily diary design (2812 daily surveys). Participants differed in within-individual variability for each domain of perceived state ER, and within- and between-individual fluctuations in perceived ER abilities predicted positive and negative affect. Findings support ER theory, given the importance of contextual, momentary changes in informing theoretical ER models. Implications for momentary assessment and intervention are discussed, focusing on contextual behavioral science.
1 citations
TL;DR: This paper found that the right-side advantage is replicable to new valence stimuli and that both skill and procedural actions play a role in judgment of valence on words, when examining expertise and typing speed and typeability.
Abstract: Abstract Typing is a ubiquitous daily action for many individuals; yet, research on how these actions have changed our perception of language is limited. One such influence, deemed the QWERTY effect, is an increase in valence ratings for words typed more with the right hand on a traditional keyboard (Jasmin & Casasanto, 2012). Although this finding is intuitively appealing given both right-handed dominance and the smaller number of letters typed with the right hand, an extension and replication of the right-side advantage is warranted. The present paper re-examined the QWERTY effect expanding to other embodied cognition variables (Barsalou, 1999). First, we found that the right-side advantage is replicable to new valence stimuli. Further, when examining expertise, right-side advantage interacted with typing speed and typeability (i.e., alternating hand key presses or finger switches), portraying that both skill and procedural actions play a role in judgment of valence on words.
TL;DR: The Functional Assessment of Migraine Scale (FAMS) as mentioned in this paper is a questionnaire that allows patients to indicate their response to migraine treatment using questionnaire and questionnaire-based methods, and it was developed to assess a wide range of concerns voiced by patients, which offers new insights into a large health population beyond the normal scope of research studies.
04 Jan 2022
TL;DR: Discerning the most significant items and their role in the POIC model offer clinical insight into adverse events and new considerations into the prevention of such events, and suggest two unique pathway indicators for understanding which patients are at higher risk for POIC.
Abstract: Objective: To use factor analysis to structure items from the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS NSQIP) into latent variables associated with infectious complications, and then to use structural equation modeling (SEM) to organize those latent variables into a predictive model of POIC. Predictive models of post-operative infectious complications (POIC) have traditionally relied upon logistic regression and inconsistent variable groupings. A more standardized approach to a valid construct would allow for more unitary research and improved clinical decision making. Materials and Methods: The study evaluated data from 1580 recipients of radical cystectomies in the ACS NSQIP PUF 2013 database. Pre-operative, operative, and post-operative data were analyzed. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and theory-based selection were used to create latent variables for a predictive model of POIC which was analyzed with structural equation modeling.Results: After reducing unrelated variables using EFA, two latent variables successfully predicted POIC, a Global Health Variable (Dyspnea, COPD, Diabetes, and Hypertension) and a Proximal Pre-operative Infectious Comorbidity Variable (pre-operative transfusion, pre-operative wound infection, and pre-operative sepsis). The final model produced was well-fit and suggest two unique pathway indicators for understanding which patients are at higher risk for POIC.Conclusion: Discerning the most significant items and their role in the POIC model offer clinical insight into adverse events and new considerations into the prevention of such events. Patients endorsing multiple items in the model may benefit from pre-operative optimization of modifiable conditions and closer post-operative surveillance.
TL;DR: In the original version of this paper, the title was incorrect as discussed by the authors , and it was later corrected to correct the title of the paper in the final version of the article.
Abstract: In the original version of this paper, the title was incorrect.
TL;DR: In the original version of this paper, the title was incorrect as discussed by the authors , and it was later corrected to correct the title of the paper in the final version of the article.
Abstract: In the original version of this paper, the title was incorrect.
TL;DR: This article found that legislators who support war measures would be externally focused and less cognitively complex in their speeches, while opponents of war measure would be internally focused, while they found mixed results depending on the circumstances of a specific conflict, demonstrating how automated language analysis can be combined with voting records to better understand behavioral action.
Abstract: Legislative bodies have very important roles and understanding the psychology of their decision-making processes is a useful area of study. We add to this area by replicating two previous studies: Abe (2012) and Matsumoto and Hwang (2013) in the context of a legislative body. The present study hypothesized that legislators who support war measures would be externally focused and less cognitively complex in their speeches, while opponents of war measures would be internally focused. Speeches were obtained pertaining to the decisions for the U.S. to take military action in Kosovo, Iraq, and Libya. While we found mixed results depending on the circumstances of a specific conflict, we demonstrate how automated language analysis can be combined with voting records to better understand behavioral action, such as legislative decision.
TL;DR: In this paper , the effectiveness and perceived utility of an ecological momentary assessment (EMI) incorporating mindfulness-based messages was examined, and participants found the mindfulness messages useful and helpful on average.
Abstract: Mental health problems are common in college students and yield poor functional outcomes. Despite these emotional and functional difficulties, only a small percentage of students seek treatment due to barriers such as stigma and lack of resources. College students also prefer Web-based services to in-person services; thus, mobile health interventions may be a favored, viable, and accessible option. Ecological momentary interventions (EMIs) incorporate technology to administer interventions and are widely and effectively applied for heterogeneous psychological problems. Mindfulness-based interventions ameliorate psychological distress and promote psychological well-being in college students. Therefore, the current study examined the effectiveness and perceived utility of an EMI incorporating mindfulness-based messages. Participants were 161 undergraduate students (70.19% female; 80.75% white) randomized to either a mindfulness-based EMI or mood monitoring condition (i.e., ecological momentary assessment (EMA)) for 21 days (2812 daily surveys). Contrary to expectations, the EMA condition did not show different outcomes from the EMI condition. Higher engagement in the mindfulness activities was related to higher levels of positive affect, and participants who reported being more aware of emotions (i.e., thoughts, feelings, and behaviors) due to the messages reported lower emotion dysregulation. More emotional awareness due to the mindfulness messages was related to greater usage of messages and a higher likelihood of recommending skills to a friend, and those reporting increased usage of mindfulness messages were more likely to recommend mindfulness skills to a friend. Participants found the mindfulness messages useful and helpful on average. Implications for research and designing of EMIs are discussed.