The network structure of a hyperlinked environment can be a rich source of information about the content of the environment, provided we have effective means for understanding it. We develop a set of algorithmic tools for extracting information from the link structures of such environments, and report on experiments that demonstrate their effectiveness in a variety of context on the World Wide Web. The central issue we address within our framework is the distillation of broad search topics, through the discovery of “authorative” information sources on such topics. We propose and test an algorithmic formulation of the notion of authority, based on the relationship between a set of relevant authoritative pages and the set of “hub pages” that join them together in the link structure. Our formulation has connections to the eigenvectors of certain matrices associated with the link graph; these connections in turn motivate additional heuristrics for link-based analysis.

/pdf/authoritative-sources-in-a-hyperlinked-environment-1p23r698i9.pdf

Authoritative sources in a hyperlinked environment

We present VOSviewer, a freely available computer program that we have developed for constructing and viewing bibliometric maps. Unlike most computer programs that are used for bibliometric mapping, VOSviewer pays special attention to the graphical representation of bibliometric maps. The functionality of VOSviewer is especially useful for displaying large bibliometric maps in an easy-to-interpret way. The paper consists of three parts. In the first part, an overview of VOSviewer’s functionality for displaying bibliometric maps is provided. In the second part, the technical implementation of specific parts of the program is discussed. Finally, in the third part, VOSviewer’s ability to handle large maps is demonstrated by using the program to construct and display a co-citation map of 5,000 major scientific journals.

/pdf/software-survey-vosviewer-a-computer-program-for-505jc6bwmd.pdf

Software survey: VOSviewer, a computer program for bibliometric mapping.

A new form of document coupling called co-citation is defined as the frequency with which two documents are cited together. The co-citation frequency of two scientific papers can be determined by comparing lists of citing documents in the Science Citation Index and counting identical entries. Networks of co-cited papers can be generated for specific scientific specialties, and an example is drawn from the literature of particle physics. Co-citation patterns are found to differ significantly from bibliographic coupling patterns, but to agree generally with patterns of direct citation. Clusters of co-cited papers provide a new way to study the specialty structure of science. They may provide a new approach to indexing and to the creation of SDI profiles.

Co-citation in the scientific literature: A new measure of the relationship between two documents

bibliometrix: An R-tool for comprehensive science mapping analysis

We review the recent rapid progress in the statistical physics of evolving networks. Interest has focused mainly on the structural properties of complex networks in communications, biology, social sciences and economics. A number of giant artificial networks of this kind have recently been created, which opens a wide field for the study of their topology, evolution, and the complex processes which occur in them. Such networks possess a rich set of scaling properties. A number of them are scale-free and show striking resilience against random breakdowns. In spite of the large sizes of these networks, the distances between most of their vertices are short - a feature known as the 'small-world' effect. We discuss how growing networks self-organize into scale-free structures, and investigate the role of the mechanism of preferential linking. We consider the topological and structural properties of evolving networks, and percolation and disease spread on these networks. We present a number of models demonstrat...

/pdf/evolution-of-networks-27h4ny8xbi.pdf

Evolution of networks

Editor—Richard Smith's criticism of the editorial judgment of Leukemia , which asked authors to increase the number of references to papers published in Leukemia , 1 seems harsh in view of the well known Matthew effect.2 Merton originally coined this term to describe …

Editors are justified in asking authors to cite equivalent references from same journal

What Citations Tell Us about Canadian Research.

ISI's Experiences with ASCA-A Selective Dissemination System

People are generally sensitive both about the way their names are pronounced and how they are presented in print. Some authors may consider it a dishonor to their heritage when we abbreviate their names for our convenience. Many compound surnames indicate family roots, and they are usually prefixed by foreign articles and/or prepositions that translate into English as \" o f \" or \" f r o m \" W e r n h e r yon Braun, John Dos Passos, George de la Tours, and Louis de Broglie, for example. Patronymic surnames indicate father or clan relat ionsh ips -Douglas MacArthur, Gene McCarthy, and Pat O'Brien, for example. Also, hyphenated names usually signify the combination of two distinguished family lines, like Albert Szent-Gy6rgyi, Although compound surnames comprise only about five percent of all the names we process, there is a greater chance that variant forms of these names will occur than with other surnames. The basic problem is that oftentimes we can' t tell what is the first, middle, or last name. This is particularly true for Oriental names. But it also applies to Romanian, Icelandic, and many Central European names. For example, Hungarians use the \" l a s t \" name first when publishing in Hungarian journals. But the same authors writing abroad will put the \"first '\" name first. Oriental names pose a special problem. For example, Chinese names list the surname f i r s t M a o Tse Tung would be indexed under Mao, Tse Tung. But Chinese names containing a non-Chinese given name list the given name f i r s t -Ph i l ip Loh Fook Seng would be indexed as Lob, Philip Fook Seng. The problem is compounded because there are only about 200 common Chinese surnames. The same is true for Korean names. Although there are no more than 300 common Korean surnames, only three account for the great m a j o r i t y K i m , Pak, and Yi! As I 've pointed out before, the homograph problem would be eliminated if authors used two or three initials in addition to their surnames. Muslim names also pose a p r o b l e m d e pending on the country of origin, there are nine different types of names a Muslim author may use, and the order of presentation varies from country to country. Anis Khurshid, director of the Islamic Library Information Center, University of Karachi, Pakistan, gives the following example of an Egyptian Arabic name: Fahr-ad-Din Abu Abdullah Muhammad Ibn Umer Ibn al-Hasan Al-Hatib Ar-Razi. As it turns out, Muhammad would be considered his \" f i r s t \" or given name, Ibn Umer Ibn alHasan his father's or forefather's name, and A1-Hatib his genealogical or tribal descent. Fahr-ad-Din is an honorary title, Abu Abdullah is yet another name indicating descent, and Ar-Razi denotes the country or town of origin. Also, the way a surname should be presented often depends on where the author resides. For example, a German author living in Germany would include the \" y o n \" prefix in the last name, but only if it is capitalized. If the \" y o n \" prefix is in lower case letters, it is usually included only as an initial. Another author with the same last name who lives in the US drops the \" y o n \" prefix, whether it is capitalized or not, or may adopt it as an initial. To add to the confusion, a Dutch or South African author would keep the \" v a n \" prefix with the last name, whether or not it is capitalized. Since it simplifies our computer procedures to use capital or upper case letters, we cannot honor such idiosyncratic conventions for Germanic or other surnames. A very common source of error involves Spanish and Portuguese surnames. Although these surnames look very similar, there are different national conventions for indexing them. Portuguese names are indexed under the part of the name following the prefix. Also, words like \" j un io r \" or \" sen io r\" are treated as part of the surname. For example, Martinho Augusto da Fonseca Junior would be indexed as Fonseca Junior, Martinho Augusto da. On the other hand, Spanish names are indexed under the prefix itself if it is a single article, and words like junior are not included. Thus, Manuel Antonio Las Heras Junior would appear as Las Heras, Manuel Ant o n i o b u t Antonio del Rio would appear as Rio, Antonio del because del is a preposition ! Unfortunately, there is no convenient universal standard to which we can refer when indexing compound surnames. The closest thing to it is the Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules (AACR), jointly revised in 1978 by the American Library Association, the British Library, the Canadian Committee on Cataloguing, the Library Association, and the Library of Congress. The AACR \"has been adopted by major libraries and agencies in most Englishspeaking countries, and has had a considerable influence on the formation or revision of local and national cataloguing rules in a number of others.\" The AACR includes more than 100 rules on how to index personal names, exhaustively covering compound names of European, Russian, Arabic, and Oriental origin. The AACR was designed to help librarians decide what heading an author should appear under in a card catalogue. Significantly, the AACR's general rule on choice of name reads as follows: \"Choose, as the basis of the heading for a person, the name by which he or she is commonly known .. . . Determine the name by which a person is commonly known from the chief sources of information of works by that person issued in his or her language.\" Librarians may be able to afford the time to search through the AACR's 100 odd rules on personal name headings, and even to refer to sources from the author's country to determine the commonly used form of the name. Even if we could follow their rules, we'd still receive complaints from authors. As I said above, some authors with foreign compound names no longer honor the conventions of their country of origin because they now live in the US. More seriously, some authors publish under various versions of their own surnames. They may include their entire family name on one article, or only a part of it on another. Or they may change the spelling of their surnames if the printer doesn't allow for accent or other diacritical m a r k s f o r example, SchrSder vs. Schroeder. Lastly, articles are sometimes cited incorisistentlythe first author of the original article may or may not be presented as the first author in the citation, or citing authors may abbreviate compound surnames according to

What's in a surname?

With the breadth of Merton’s influence beyond sociology clearly confirmed, the focus of the study shifted to several questions about the nature of his influence. Have scientists outside of smiology used Merton’s work more for his empirical observations (findings) or for his concepts? What cognitive areas of his work are cited in the nonsocial sciences, and do these differ from the areas cited in the social sciences? Are the concepts for which Merton is cited distinctively Mertonian, or do they have a more general origin? To explore these questions, a content analysis was done on 35 social science and 49 natural science articles published between 1961-1977 to determine the nature of Merton’s work cited by authors in disciplines other than sociology. More naturalscience articles were examined because they are so far beyond the usual sphere of influence of a sociologist. The sample of journals was dictated by journal availability in local libraries rather than by statistical standards. Nevertheless, the articles were randomly selected within that constraint. It must be mentioned, however, that the content analysis employed here is far from the rigorous and systematic content analysis used by Cole 1 in his study of Merton’s citations within sociology. Rather, the content analysis that follows should be viewed as illustrative. TABLE t lwks at whether Merton was cited more frequently for concepts or for findings. A “Secondary Citations” category was included here for cases in which an author cited a Merton article for something that Merton,,himself,’cites or,quotes (e.g., W. I. Thomas or St. Augustine), Also included in this category are articles that cited Merton only in the bibliography, not in the text. It is worth repeating that none of the articles analyzed for content are from sociology journals as such. The Social Sciences category in this table (and in those that appear later) refers to social sciences other than sociology. From the data,in TABLE 1 we see that 63’%of the inspected citations in the natural sciences are for conceptual contributions while in the social sciences it is 33%. In both the natural and social sciences, then, at least two-thirds of the citations are for concepts rather than findings. This confirms the impression that Merton’s major contribution has been that of a theorist.

Eugene Garfield

Papers

Editors are justified in asking authors to cite equivalent references from same journal

What Citations Tell Us about Canadian Research.

ISI's Experiences with ASCA-A Selective Dissemination System

What's in a surname?

Citation measures of the influence of robert k. merton