The network structure of a hyperlinked environment can be a rich source of information about the content of the environment, provided we have effective means for understanding it. We develop a set of algorithmic tools for extracting information from the link structures of such environments, and report on experiments that demonstrate their effectiveness in a variety of context on the World Wide Web. The central issue we address within our framework is the distillation of broad search topics, through the discovery of “authorative” information sources on such topics. We propose and test an algorithmic formulation of the notion of authority, based on the relationship between a set of relevant authoritative pages and the set of “hub pages” that join them together in the link structure. Our formulation has connections to the eigenvectors of certain matrices associated with the link graph; these connections in turn motivate additional heuristrics for link-based analysis.

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Authoritative sources in a hyperlinked environment

We present VOSviewer, a freely available computer program that we have developed for constructing and viewing bibliometric maps. Unlike most computer programs that are used for bibliometric mapping, VOSviewer pays special attention to the graphical representation of bibliometric maps. The functionality of VOSviewer is especially useful for displaying large bibliometric maps in an easy-to-interpret way. The paper consists of three parts. In the first part, an overview of VOSviewer’s functionality for displaying bibliometric maps is provided. In the second part, the technical implementation of specific parts of the program is discussed. Finally, in the third part, VOSviewer’s ability to handle large maps is demonstrated by using the program to construct and display a co-citation map of 5,000 major scientific journals.

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Software survey: VOSviewer, a computer program for bibliometric mapping.

A new form of document coupling called co-citation is defined as the frequency with which two documents are cited together. The co-citation frequency of two scientific papers can be determined by comparing lists of citing documents in the Science Citation Index and counting identical entries. Networks of co-cited papers can be generated for specific scientific specialties, and an example is drawn from the literature of particle physics. Co-citation patterns are found to differ significantly from bibliographic coupling patterns, but to agree generally with patterns of direct citation. Clusters of co-cited papers provide a new way to study the specialty structure of science. They may provide a new approach to indexing and to the creation of SDI profiles.

Co-citation in the scientific literature: A new measure of the relationship between two documents

bibliometrix: An R-tool for comprehensive science mapping analysis

We review the recent rapid progress in the statistical physics of evolving networks. Interest has focused mainly on the structural properties of complex networks in communications, biology, social sciences and economics. A number of giant artificial networks of this kind have recently been created, which opens a wide field for the study of their topology, evolution, and the complex processes which occur in them. Such networks possess a rich set of scaling properties. A number of them are scale-free and show striking resilience against random breakdowns. In spite of the large sizes of these networks, the distances between most of their vertices are short - a feature known as the 'small-world' effect. We discuss how growing networks self-organize into scale-free structures, and investigate the role of the mechanism of preferential linking. We consider the topological and structural properties of evolving networks, and percolation and disease spread on these networks. We present a number of models demonstrat...

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Evolution of networks

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The evolution of the Web of Science from the Science Citation Index

Dear Sir: It is with a sense of deep regret that I write to Dave [McCarn] and to all of you who attended the ASIS Convention in Los Angeles and who left with a feeling that the quality of the meetings was not up to standard. It is not enough to say that we tried, for I’m sure that you will grant that our committee tried, but we either did not try hard enough or we did not put our efforts in the right places (I). The ASIS annual meetings are themselves an attempt to experiment with methods for improving communication and the transfer of information. We tried to be innovative in planning the program. We featured keynote speakers, debates and panels on topics germane to the theme of Information: Benefits and Costs. Our major innovative feature was the epitome sessions which provided a platform for all of our members to discuss the work they were doing and the subjects they felt were important. These sessions were well attended, and I really do not believe that they were trivial and mediocre as was claimed. But Dave protests more for what was not said, and in his letter he provides a list of subjects which could have been discussed. Some of them were, but perhaps not with the prominence that other topics received. The paper sessions did, however, represent the concern of the members, and these topics, too, deserved a hearing and a discussion. This year our annual convention takes place in Atlanta. I sincerely hope, and confidently expect, that the ‘74 meeting will be an improvement over ’73, and it is the feedback from the members that will help make it so.

Where the Action Is and Was in Information Science

On 5 August 2003, our beloved colleague Anthony E. Cawkell passed away from cancer. Tony was a longtime member of the Editorial Board of the Journal of Information Science as well as Honorary Fellow of the Institute of Information Scientists, now the Chartered Institute for Librarians and Information Professionals (CILIP). Before ‘retiring’ to a private consultancy, CITECH Ltd, he had been ISI’s man in London. For thirty years he not only directed their educational and marketing efforts in Europe but also served as a Vice President of Research and Development which was his forte. Space and time do not permit me to provide an adequate treatment of Tony’s contributions to information science and technology. In a brief essay in Current

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A memorial tribute to Anthony E. Cawkell, 1920-2003 *

This session is structured as an informal discussion between the panel and the audience about what we know about scientists as users of scholarly materials and how this information can be applied to the new digital initiatives now underway. Over the last 30 years, King Research and more recently the University of Tennessee, School of Information Sciences, have conducted over 100 studies on the use of scientific scholarly communication and user behavior. These studies indicate trends and patterns that should be taken into consideration in the push towards digital publishing and implementing digital libraries. Griffiths asks the panel for comment on the following observation:

Users and their use of information

Excerpt To the editor: Thank you for an accurate and objective review of our Sci-Mate™software package (1). We believe that the true test of a software product's worth is in trials by users and rev...

Eugene Garfield

Papers

The evolution of the Web of Science from the Science Citation Index

Where the Action Is and Was in Information Science

A memorial tribute to Anthony E. Cawkell, 1920-2003 *

Users and their use of information

Review of Sci-Mate™