The network structure of a hyperlinked environment can be a rich source of information about the content of the environment, provided we have effective means for understanding it. We develop a set of algorithmic tools for extracting information from the link structures of such environments, and report on experiments that demonstrate their effectiveness in a variety of context on the World Wide Web. The central issue we address within our framework is the distillation of broad search topics, through the discovery of “authorative” information sources on such topics. We propose and test an algorithmic formulation of the notion of authority, based on the relationship between a set of relevant authoritative pages and the set of “hub pages” that join them together in the link structure. Our formulation has connections to the eigenvectors of certain matrices associated with the link graph; these connections in turn motivate additional heuristrics for link-based analysis.

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Authoritative sources in a hyperlinked environment

We present VOSviewer, a freely available computer program that we have developed for constructing and viewing bibliometric maps. Unlike most computer programs that are used for bibliometric mapping, VOSviewer pays special attention to the graphical representation of bibliometric maps. The functionality of VOSviewer is especially useful for displaying large bibliometric maps in an easy-to-interpret way. The paper consists of three parts. In the first part, an overview of VOSviewer’s functionality for displaying bibliometric maps is provided. In the second part, the technical implementation of specific parts of the program is discussed. Finally, in the third part, VOSviewer’s ability to handle large maps is demonstrated by using the program to construct and display a co-citation map of 5,000 major scientific journals.

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Software survey: VOSviewer, a computer program for bibliometric mapping.

A new form of document coupling called co-citation is defined as the frequency with which two documents are cited together. The co-citation frequency of two scientific papers can be determined by comparing lists of citing documents in the Science Citation Index and counting identical entries. Networks of co-cited papers can be generated for specific scientific specialties, and an example is drawn from the literature of particle physics. Co-citation patterns are found to differ significantly from bibliographic coupling patterns, but to agree generally with patterns of direct citation. Clusters of co-cited papers provide a new way to study the specialty structure of science. They may provide a new approach to indexing and to the creation of SDI profiles.

Co-citation in the scientific literature: A new measure of the relationship between two documents

bibliometrix: An R-tool for comprehensive science mapping analysis

We review the recent rapid progress in the statistical physics of evolving networks. Interest has focused mainly on the structural properties of complex networks in communications, biology, social sciences and economics. A number of giant artificial networks of this kind have recently been created, which opens a wide field for the study of their topology, evolution, and the complex processes which occur in them. Such networks possess a rich set of scaling properties. A number of them are scale-free and show striking resilience against random breakdowns. In spite of the large sizes of these networks, the distances between most of their vertices are short - a feature known as the 'small-world' effect. We discuss how growing networks self-organize into scale-free structures, and investigate the role of the mechanism of preferential linking. We consider the topological and structural properties of evolving networks, and percolation and disease spread on these networks. We present a number of models demonstrat...

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Evolution of networks

What do we know about fraud and other forms of intellectual dishonesty in science? Part 1: the spectrum of deviant behavior in science.

Last July I presented a paper at the Library Association’s Medical, Health and Welfare Libraries Group Conference in Coventry, UK. In the first part of that address, reprinted last week, I claimed that hospital libraries play an important role in helping health-care professionals provide quality health care. 1 My point was to show the shortsightedness of the pending US Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA) regulations to abandon the requirement that hospitals maintain a medical library in order to qualify for Medicare and Medicaid funds. The hospital library can be a costeffective means for meeting current information needs and providing for continued medical education. The hospital library can also help medical students develop independent, self-directed learning skills that will prepare them to learn throughout their pro fessional lives. And this in turn will contribute to patient health and safety. Earlier this year, I reprinted an article by Nina Matheson, director, Welch Medical Library, Johns Hopkins University, and Donald A.B. Lindberg, director, National Library of Medicine, who discussed the importance of incorporating medical information science, or medical informatics, into medical school curricJune 30, 1986

http://garfield.library.upenn.edu/essays/v9p202y1986.pdf

The impact of health information delivery on the quality of patient care: whither medical information science?

The year 1984 marked the centennial of the birth of George Alfred Leon Sarton, the father of the history of science. Sarton was the author of numerous major works in the field, including the three-volume, 4,236-page opus Introduction to the History of Science, which many still consider one of the field's most definitive and ambitious works. Sarton also founded the field's primary journal, Isis, which he edited for forty years. But in spite of the importance Sarton placed on the history of science, he considered the discipline a means, not an end. Sarton's ultimate goal was an integrated philosophy of science that bridged the gap between the sciences and the humanities-an ideal he called “the new humanism.” The forces and ideas that molded this idealistic scholar were a unique confluence of his Old World bourgeois upbringing and the experiences under German occupation during World War I that forced him to seek refuge in the United States.

The life and career of George Sarton: The father of the history of science

Beginning in 1957, the literature explosion in science eliminated many personal subscriptions to journals and scientists with interdisciplinary interests demanded new approaches to current awareness. One of these, Current Contents now forms a major link in scientific communications. New ‘Selective Dissemination of Information’ services have helped to mechanize the process of scanning titles for keywords, and new tools for retrospective searching have facilitated historical studies of the scientific literature. The journal literature continues to evolve by means of a process analogous to natural selection.

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Current Contents: Its Impact on Scientific Communication

The key research areas of biomedical engineering are identified and analyzed. It is demonstrated how biomedical engineering fits into the world map of science. An analysis of biomedical engineering core journals provides statistical data about citation patterns in this discipline.

Eugene Garfield

Papers

What do we know about fraud and other forms of intellectual dishonesty in science? Part 1: the spectrum of deviant behavior in science.

The impact of health information delivery on the quality of patient care: whither medical information science?

The life and career of George Sarton: The father of the history of science

Current Contents: Its Impact on Scientific Communication

Mapping the world of biomedical engineering: Alza lecture (1985).