抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

PDZ domains are protein-interaction domains that are often found in multi-domain scaffolding proteins. PDZ-containing scaffolds assemble specific proteins into large molecular complexes at defined locations in the cell. In the postsynaptic density of neuronal excitatory synapses, PDZ proteins such as PSD-95 organize glutamate receptors and their associated signalling proteins and determine the size and strength of synapses. PDZ scaffolds also function in the dynamic trafficking of synaptic proteins by assembling cargo complexes for transport by molecular motors. As key organizers that control synaptic protein composition and structure, PDZ scaffolds are themselves highly regulated by synthesis and degradation, subcellular distribution and post-translational modification.

/pdf/pdz-domain-proteins-of-synapses-2oiarur8tc.pdf

PDZ domain proteins of synapses

Our brain serves as a center for cognitive function and neurons within the brain relay and store information about our surroundings and experiences. Modulation of this complex neuronal circuitry allows us to process that information and respond appropriately. Proper development of neurons is therefore vital to the mental health of an individual, and perturbations in their signaling or morphology are likely to result in cognitive impairment. The development of a neuron requires a series of steps that begins with migration from its birth place and initiation of process outgrowth, and ultimately leads to differentiation and the formation of connections that allow it to communicate with appropriate targets. Over the past several years, it has become clear that the Rho family of GTPases and related molecules play an important role in various aspects of neuronal development, including neurite outgrowth and differentiation, axon pathfinding, and dendritic spine formation and maintenance. Given the importance of these molecules in these processes, it is therefore not surprising that mutations in genes encoding a number of regulators and effectors of the Rho GTPases have been associated with human neurological diseases. This review will focus on the role of the Rho GTPases and their associated signaling molecules throughout neuronal development and discuss how perturbations in Rho GTPase signaling may lead to cognitive disorders.

/pdf/the-role-of-the-rho-gtpases-in-neuronal-development-qjppxg5mrw.pdf

The role of the Rho GTPases in neuronal development

Synapse regulation exploits the capacity of actin to function as a stable structural component or as a dynamic filament. Beyond its well-appreciated role in eliciting visible morphological changes at the synapse, the emerging picture points to an active contribution of actin to the modulation of the efficacy of pre- and postsynaptic terminals. Moreover, by engaging distinct pools of actin and divergent signalling pathways, actin-dependent morphological plasticity could be uncoupled from modulation of synaptic strength. The aim of this Review is to highlight some of the recent progress in elucidating the role of the actin cytoskeleton in synaptic function.

Actin in action: the interplay between the actin cytoskeleton and synaptic efficacy

Functional expression of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors in cerebellar granule cells requires stargazin, a member of a large family of four-pass transmembrane proteins. Here, we define a family of transmembrane AMPA receptor regulatory proteins (TARPs), which comprise stargazin, γ-3, γ-4, and γ-8, but not related proteins, that mediate surface expression of AMPA receptors. TARPs exhibit discrete and complementary patterns of expression in both neurons and glia in the developing and mature central nervous system. In brain regions that express multiple isoforms, such as cerebral cortex, TARP–AMPA receptor complexes are strictly segregated, suggesting distinct roles for TARP isoforms. TARPs interact with AMPA receptors at the postsynaptic density, and surface expression of mature AMPA receptors requires a TARP. These studies indicate a general role for TARPs in controlling synaptic AMPA receptors throughout the central nervous system.

https://rupress.org/jcb/article-pdf/161/4/805/1308397/jcb1614805.pdf

Functional studies and distribution define a family of transmembrane AMPA receptor regulatory proteins

http://molneuro.kaist.ac.kr/contents/pdf/2003_48.pdf

The Shank Family of Postsynaptic Density Proteins Interacts with and Promotes Synaptic Accumulation of the βPIX Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor for Rac1 and Cdc42

Phosphorylation of stargazin by protein kinase A regulates its interaction with PSD-95.

Highly uniform thin-films of zinc-indium-tin oxide (ZITO) semiconductors were formed using solution process with wet-annealing at a low temperature of 250 °C. The solution-processed ZITO thin-film transistors with a top-gate staggered structure were fabricated to exhibit field-effect mobility of 2.04 ± 0.28 cm2/Vs at saturation region, threshold voltage (Vth) of 2.15 ± 0.75 V, subthreshold slope of 0.27 ± 0.14 V/dec. and excellent reliability (ΔVth = −4.35 V) for negative bias temperature illumination stress. Based on the performance, a 10.1 in. full-color liquid crystal display was demonstrated by the optimized full photolithography process.

Solution-processed zinc-indium-tin oxide thin-film transistors for flat-panel displays

In-band full-duplex (FD) systems have been widely studied because they can double the spectral efficiency (SE) compared with conventional half-duplex (HD) systems, theoretically. However, inherent interference caused by both self-interference (SI) and co-channel interference (CCI) makes FD systems to achieve theoretical SE hard. In this paper, we propose a CCI estimation and cancellation (CCI-EC) protocol for the FD systems to overcome performance degradation due to CCI. We suggest to use a coherence channel block for two phases: CCI channel is estimated at a downlink (DL) user through uplink (UL) pilot signals in the first phase, then a base station (BS) and a UL user transmit their data simultaneously in the second phase, in which a DL user cancels interfering signals from a UL user by utilizing the estimated CCI channel information. We analyze the achievable SE of FD systems with CCI-EC and formulate a resource allocation problem to maximize it, where resource includes pilot and data transmission time, and transmit power of a BS and a UL user. A closed-form optimal power allocation for UL pilot and data transmissions and a suboptimal power allocation for DL data transmission are provided. The simulation results show that FD systems with the proposed CCI-EC achieve near-optimal achievable SE and outperform the conventional HD systems and FD systems without CCI-EC in terms of the achievable SE. Especially, the SE gain achieved by the proposed CCI-EC protocol in FD systems is remarkable under severe interference environment.

Resource Allocation for Full-Duplex Systems With Imperfect Co-Channel Interference Estimation

In this study, a new forward osmosis (FO) coupled with microalgae cultivation process was developed as a means of energy-efficient dewatering of microalgae, adopting a microalgal culture medium as a draw solution. In so doing, the energy-intensive regeneration of draw solution is omitted, and the resulting dilute solution of nutrients is directly reused as a culture medium. Process feasibility was proved by using glucose, a common carbon source for heterotrophic microalgae cultivation, as draw solute in dewatering the microalgal culture. When glucose and microalgal suspension were used as draw solution and feed solution, respectively, membrane orientation and cross-flow velocity (CFV) were found to have substantial impacts on dewatering performance of forward osmosis: compared to active layer-facing-draw solution orientation (AL-DS) and low cross-flow velocity, active layer-facing-feed solution orientation (AL-FS) and high cross-flow velocity were more effective at reducing reversible and irreversible fouling and thereby improving water flux. In comparison with sea salt, which is considered a conventional draw solute that does not require a regeneration step, glucose showed better dewatering performance due to its lower reverse solute flux (RSF), which caused flux decline due to loss of osmotic pressure difference and cake-enhanced concentration polarization (CECP) in fouling layer. The nutrient-driven forward osmosis process coupled with microalgae cultivation led to the production of highly concentrated biomass (roughly 120 g/L), supporting the idea that this novel approach can offer a promising low-energy alternative for microalgal dewatering.

Eunhye Park

Papers

The Shank Family of Postsynaptic Density Proteins Interacts with and Promotes Synaptic Accumulation of the βPIX Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor for Rac1 and Cdc42

Phosphorylation of stargazin by protein kinase A regulates its interaction with PSD-95.

Solution-processed zinc-indium-tin oxide thin-film transistors for flat-panel displays

Resource Allocation for Full-Duplex Systems With Imperfect Co-Channel Interference Estimation

Nutrient-driven forward osmosis coupled with microalgae cultivation for energy efficient dewatering of microalgae