世界経済・社会統計 = World development indicators

A Treatise on the Family. G. S. Becker. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 1981. Gary Becker is one of the most famous and influential economists of the second half of the 20th century, a fervent contributor to and expounder of the University of Chicago free-market philosophy, and winner of the 1992 Nobel Prize in economics. Although any book with the word "treatise" in its title is clearly intended to have an impact, one coming from someone as brilliant and controversial as Becker certainly had such a lofty goal. It has received many article-length reviews in several disciplines (Ben-Porath, 1982; Bergmann, 1995; Foster, 1993; Hannan, 1982), which is one measure of its scholarly importance, and yet its impact is, I think, less than it may have initially appeared, especially for scholars with substantive interests in the family. This book is, its title notwithstanding, more about economics and the economic approach to behavior than about the family. In the first sentence of the preface, Becker writes "In this book, I develop an economic or rational choice approach to the family." Lest anyone accuse him of focusing on traditional (i.e., material) economics topics, such as family income, poverty, and labor supply, he immediately emphasizes that those topics are not his focus. "My intent is more ambitious: to analyze marriage, births, divorce, division of labor in households, prestige, and other non-material behavior with the tools and framework developed for material behavior." Indeed, the book includes chapters on many of these issues. One chapter examines the principles of the efficient division of labor in households, three analyze marriage and divorce, three analyze various child-related issues (fertility and intergenerational mobility), and others focus on broader family issues, such as intrafamily resource allocation. His analysis is not, he believes, constrained by time or place. His intention is "to present a comprehensive analysis that is applicable, at least in part, to families in the past as well as the present, in primitive as well as modern societies, and in Eastern as well as Western cultures." His tone is profoundly conservative and utterly skeptical of any constructive role for government programs. There is a clear sense of how much better things were in the old days of a genderbased division of labor and low market-work rates for married women. Indeed, Becker is ready and able to show in Chapter 2 that such a state of affairs was efficient and induced not by market or societal discrimination (although he allows that it might exist) but by small underlying household productivity differences that arise primarily from what he refers to as "complementarities" between caring for young children while carrying another to term. Most family scholars would probably find that an unconvincingly simple explanation for a profound and complex phenomenon. What, then, is the salient contribution of Treatise on the Family? It is not literally the idea that economics could be applied to the nonmarket sector and to family life because Becker had already established that with considerable success and influence. At its core, microeconomics is simple, characterized by a belief in the importance of prices and markets, the role of self-interested or rational behavior, and, somewhat less centrally, the stability of preferences. It was Becker's singular and invaluable contribution to appreciate that the behaviors potentially amenable to the economic approach were not limited to phenomenon with explicit monetary prices and formal markets. Indeed, during the late 1950s and throughout the 1960s, he did undeniably important and pioneering work extending the domain of economics to such topics as labor market discrimination, fertility, crime, human capital, household production, and the allocation of time. Nor is Becker's contribution the detailed analyses themselves. Many of them are, frankly, odd, idiosyncratic, and off-putting. …

A Treatise on the Family

A detailed review of the education sector in Australia as in the data provided by the 2006 edition of the OECD's annual publication, 'Education at a Glance' is presented. While the data has shown that in almost all OECD countries educational attainment levels are on the rise, with countries showing impressive gains in university qualifications, it also reveals that a large of share of young people still do not complete secondary school, which remains a baseline for successful entry into the labour market.

/pdf/education-at-a-glance-m5vl7o68j5.pdf

Education at a Glance

OECD Family database 한국자료구축 및 제공

Income distribution as a central topic in development has waxed and waned over the last half-century. In the immediate post-Second World War period, income distribution was seen as central, linked to such issues as the need for land distribution and the generation of a surplus by transferring underused labour from rural to urban areas, as outlined in the theory of Arthur Lewis. Income distribution then faded as an issue until the 1970s, when priorities for generating employment and meeting basic needs were often seen as requiring macro strategies of redistribution with growth. In the 1980s and 1990s, income distribution faded once more as attention shifted to policies of economic stabilisation and structural adjustment. By the early twenty-first century, income distribution became once again an important point of focus, both for policy and analysis. This was stimulated in part by concerns that globalisation was creating forces in many countries that were exacerbating greater inequalities of income distribution, which required positive corrective action. Concerns with income distribution in development reflect values and objectives, theory and analysis. The links with values and objectives are readily apparent – although it is important to stress that attention to income distribution goes well beyond concern with poverty, both conceptually and analytically. A focus on income distribution encompasses issues of equity, justice and power. Theory and analysis exercise their own important influence on perceptions and policy. Neoclassical economic theory tends to treat income distribution as an outcome and to direct attention to policy issues of price and the efficient allocation of resources. In contrast, structural analysis, neo-Marxian analysis and, more recently, human development analysis give much greater place to income distribution as a causal factor, both in understanding and modelling the process of development and in identifying crucial variables influencing outcomes. Accordingly, within these three paradigms , income distribution takes on an importance in setting the national objectives of development and in developing strategy within the political–economic parameters of the situation. Empirical research has uncovered other relationships. There is evidence, for example, that inequality within countries can inhibit economic growth and slow poverty reduction. It can have repercussions on civic, social and political life and institutions, undermining social solidarity. And there is evidence that social stress in more unequal societies is associated with lower levels of health for all social classes, not merely the poorest. Research has also shown that inequality between geographic, ethnic or social groups …

소득분배와 사회복지(Income Distribution)

Although researchers generally agree that national family policies play a role in shaping mothers’ employment, there is considerable debate about whether, how, and why policy effects vary across co...

National Family Policies and Mothers’ Employment: How Earnings Inequality Shapes Policy Effects across and within Countries:

A Stalled Revolution? Change in Women's Labor Force Participation during Child‐Rearing Years, Europe and the United States 1996–2016

This study examines whether working long hours alters the motherhood earnings penalty in the context of the United States. The author uses data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1979–...

Eunjeong Paek

Papers

National Family Policies and Mothers’ Employment: How Earnings Inequality Shapes Policy Effects across and within Countries:

A Stalled Revolution? Change in Women's Labor Force Participation during Child‐Rearing Years, Europe and the United States 1996–2016

Does Overwork Attenuate the Motherhood Earnings Penalty among Full-Time Workers?: