Adsorption of a few heavy metals on natural and modified kaolinite and montmorillonite: a review.

▪ Abstract Manganese(IV) oxides produced through microbial activity, i.e., biogenic Mn oxides or Mn biooxides, are believed to be the most abundant and highly reactive Mn oxide phases in the environment. They mediate redox reactions with organic and inorganic compounds and sequester a variety of metals. The major pathway for bacterial Mn(II) oxidation is enzymatic, and although bacteria that oxidize Mn(II) are phylogenetically diverse, they require a multicopper oxidase-like enzyme to oxidize Mn(II). The oxidation of Mn(II) to Mn(IV) occurs via a soluble or enzyme-complexed Mn(III) intermediate. The primary Mn(IV) biooxide formed is a phyllomanganate most similar to δ-MnO2 or acid birnessite. Metal sequestration by the Mn biooxides occurs predominantly at vacant layer octahedral sites.

Biogenic manganese oxides: Properties and mechanisms of formation

Chromium speciation, bioavailability, uptake, toxicity and detoxification in soil-plant system: A review.

The apatite-group minerals of the general formula, M10(ZO4)6X2 (M = Ca, Sr, Pb, Na…, Z = P, As, Si, V…, and X = F, OH, Cl…), are remarkably tolerant to structural distortion and chemical substitution, and consequently are extremely diverse in composition (e.g., Kreidler and Hummel 1970; McConnell 1973; Roy et al. 1978; Elliott 1994). Of particular interest is that a number of important geological, environmental/paleoenvironmental, and technological applications of the apatite-group minerals are directly linked to their chemical compositions. It is therefore fundamentally important to understand the substitution mechanisms and other intrinsic and external factors that control the compositional variation in apatites.

The minerals of the apatite group are listed in Table 1⇓, and representative compositions of selected apatite-group minerals are given in Table 2⇓. Also, more than 100 compounds with the apatite structure have been synthesized (Table 3⇓). Phosphate apatites, particularly fluorapatite and hydroxylapatite, are by far the most common in nature and are often synonymous with “apatite(s)”. For example, fluorapatite is a ubiquitous accessory phase in igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks and a major constituent in phosphorites and certain carbonatites and anorthosites (McConnell 1973; Dymek and Owens 2001). Of particular importance in biological systems, hydroxylapatite and fluorapatite (and their carbonate-bearing varieties) are important mineral components of bones, teeth and fossils (McConnell 1973; Wright et al. 1984; Grandjean-Lecuyer et al. 1993; Elliott 1994; Wilson et al. 1999; Suetsugu et al. 2000; Ivanova et al. 2001).

View this table:

 Table 1. 
Summary of the apatite-group minerals



View this table:

 Table 2. 
Representative compositions and unit-cell parameters of selected apatite-group minerals.



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 Table 3. 
Formulas of selected synthetic compounds with the apatite structure.



Following Fleischer and Mandarino (1995), Table 1⇑ also includes melanocerite-(Ce), tritomite-(Ce), and tritomite-(Y), the compositions …

Compositions of the Apatite-Group Minerals: Substitution Mechanisms and Controlling Factors

Environmental pollution from hazardous waste materials, organic pollutants and heavy metals, has adversely affected the natural ecosystem to the detriment of man. These pollutants arise from anthropogenic sources as well as natural disasters such as hurricanes and volcanic eruptions. Toxic metals could accumulate in agricultural soils and get into the food chain, thereby becoming a major threat to food security. Conventional and physical methods are expensive and not effective in areas with low metal toxicity. Bioremediation is therefore an eco-friendly and efficient method of reclaiming environments contaminated with heavy metals by making use of the inherent biological mechanisms of microorganisms and plants to eradicate hazardous contaminants. This review discusses the toxic effects of heavy metal pollution and the mechanisms used by microbes and plants for environmental remediation. It also emphasized the importance of modern biotechnological techniques and approaches in improving the ability of microbial enzymes to effectively degrade heavy metals at a faster rate, highlighting recent advances in microbial bioremediation and phytoremediation for the removal of heavy metals from the environment as well as future prospects and limitations. However, strict adherence to biosafety regulations must be followed in the use of biotechnological methods to ensure safety of the environment.

https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/14/12/1504/pdf

Microbial and Plant-Assisted Bioremediation of Heavy Metal Polluted Environments: A Review

http://www1.udel.edu/soilchem/arai01jcis.pdf

X-ray absorption spectroscopic investigation of arsenite and arsenate adsorption at the aluminum oxide-water interface

http://www1.udel.edu/soilchem/Elzinga07JCIS.pdf

Phosphate adsorption onto hematite: An in situ ATR-FTIR investigation of the effects of pH and loading level on the mode of phosphate surface complexation

Arsenate uptake by calcite: Macroscopic and spectroscopic characterization of adsorption and incorporation mechanisms

Reaction of aqueous Mn(II) with hexagonal birnessite at pH 7.5 causes reductive transformation of birnessite into feitknechtite (β-Mn(III)OOH) and manganite (γ-Mn(III)OOH) through interfacial electron transfer from adsorbed Mn(II) to structural Mn(IV) atoms and arrangement of product Mn(III) into MnOOH, summarized by Mn(II) + Mn(IV)O(2) + 2 H(2)O → 2 Mn(III)OOH + 2 H(+). Feitknechtite is the initial transformation product, and subsequently converted into the more stable manganite polymorph during ongoing reaction with Mn(II). Feitknechtite production is observed at Mn(II) concentrations 2 orders of magnitude below thermodynamic thresholds, reflecting uncertainty in thermodynamic data of Mn-oxide minerals and/or specific interactions between Mn(II) and birnessite surface sites facilitating electron exchange. Under oxic conditions, feitknechtite formation through surface-catalyzed oxidation of Mn(II) by O(2) leads to additional Mn(II) removal from solution relative to anoxic systems. These results indicate that Mn(II) may be an important moderator of the reductive arm of Mn-oxide redox cycling, and suggest a controlling role of Mn(II) in regulating the solubility and speciation of phyllomanganate-reactive metal pollutants including Co, Ni, As, and Cr in geochemical environments.

Reductive Transformation of Birnessite by Aqueous Mn(II)

X-ray absorption spectroscopy study of Cu2+ and Zn2+ adsorption complexes at the calcite surface: Implications for site-specific metal incorporation preferences during calcite crystal growth

Evert J. Elzinga

Papers

X-ray absorption spectroscopic investigation of arsenite and arsenate adsorption at the aluminum oxide-water interface

Phosphate adsorption onto hematite: An in situ ATR-FTIR investigation of the effects of pH and loading level on the mode of phosphate surface complexation

Arsenate uptake by calcite: Macroscopic and spectroscopic characterization of adsorption and incorporation mechanisms

Reductive Transformation of Birnessite by Aqueous Mn(II)

X-ray absorption spectroscopy study of Cu2+ and Zn2+ adsorption complexes at the calcite surface: Implications for site-specific metal incorporation preferences during calcite crystal growth