Информационное обеспечение науки и образования в Научной библиотеке ОНУ имени И. И. Мечникова

Рассматриваются актуальные вопросы заболеваемости остеопорозом и способы его пищевой коррекции. Показана возможность функционального питания при остеопорозе и в связи с этим необходимость расширения ассортимента функциональных пищевых продуктов, богатых кальцием и витамином Д.

Функциональное питание и его перспективы как способ пищевой коррекции остеопороза

The human symbiotic microbiota produces various bio-active molecules having chemical and functional similarity to dietary nutrients and /or endogenous compounds. Various factors and agents cause the imbalance of host/microbial dialogue. Currently for conservation and restoration of human microbial community various probiotics and prebiotics are used. Unfortunately, probiotic effects are often short term or absent or uncertain; traditional probiotics may also have non-desirable side effects in the application. For these reasons, the search for microbial molecule modifiers of host/microbe axis is emerging, especially with regard to personal medicine. These compounds have been named metabiotics (M). M are structural components of known probiotic microorganisms and/or their metabolites and/or signaling molecules that can restoring shortages and disruption of the balance of mitochondrial, microbial or cellular LMW substances with increased health effectiveness. They have some advantages (certain chemical structure, well dosed, safety, long shelf-life) in optimizing host gene expression, epigenetic, energetic, metabolic, immune, informational, regulatory, transport, neuro-hormonal and/or behavioral responses associated with the symbiotic microbiota. M can act as independent means or as enriching additives in functional foods. Simple microbial molecules can also be used in constructing hybrid M containing multiple metabolites and structural components separately or in combination with herbal compounds. Special attention should be paid to the design of M with specific targets in the host. Further investigations will clarify what natural microbial or artificial (semi-synthetic, synthetic, hybolite) pan- or selective M may affect host functions, biochemical and signal processes.

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Метабиотики - новая технология профилактики и лечения заболеваний, связанных с микроэкологическими нарушениями в организме человека

The last few decades have been marked by significant progress in the investigation of the intestinal microbial-tissue complex and its role in the pathogenesis of a wide range of diseases. The presence of intestinal barrier dysfunction has also been confirmed in various nephropathies. Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are characterized by specific alterations of the qualitative and quantitative composition of the gut microbiota. These changes contribute to an increase in the fermentation of food proteins into uremic toxins, such as p-cresyl sulfate, indoxyl sulfate and trimethylaminoxide, disorders of immune tolerance mechanisms of the mucous membrane, disorganization of intestinal epithelium tight junctions, which inevitably leads to an increase of transepithelial permeability. Translocation of bacteria and microbial metabolism products from the intestinal lumen into the systemic circulation is responsible for systemic inflammation, which is currently considered as one of the leading causes of the CKD progression and related complications. However, the exact mechanisms of gut-kidney interaction remain poorly understood. The second part of the review gives a detailed description of the structural and functional disorders of the intestinal muco-epithelial barrier identified in various nephropathies. The mechanisms of uremia-induced intestinal epithelial disruption are discussed, as well as the current therapeutic strategies that may attenuate consequences of intestinal barrier dysfunction in patients with CKD. 

Structural and functional intestinal barrier abnormalities and chronic kidney disease. literature review. part ii

The gut microbiota plays a fundamental role in maintaining normal organism homeostasis, regulating a wide range of metabolic, biosynthetic, and immune functions. This complex ecosystem, together with cellular, and stromal components of the intestinal wall, forms the intestinal microbial-tissue complex, which pathology is considered a universal mechanism for the development of many diseases, including chronic kidney disease. Accumulation of nitrogen metabolism products in the intestine, specific diet, polypharmacy, sedentary lifestyle, limited fluid intake, and violation of gastrointestinal motility in patients with chronic kidney disease lead to a decrease in the number of bacteria synthesizing short-chain fatty acids with crucial physiological effects, along with an increase in the content of anaerobic proteolytic bacteria expressing uricase, urease, and p-cresol-, and indole-forming enzymes. The features of gut dysbiosis depend on the etiology of chronic kidney disease and severity of renal insufficiency and differ significantly in individuals receiving various renal replacement therapies (hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, kidney transplant recipients). Abnormal microbial metabolism enhances the production and accumulation of microbial-derived uremic toxins: p-cresyl sulfate, indoxyl sulfate, and trimethylamine-N-oxide. Renal insufficiency, through mechanisms mainly associated with the hydrolysis of accumulated in the lumen of the intestine urea, leads to inflammation, and swelling of the intestinal wall, which is accompanied by disorders of the immune tolerance of the mucous layer and disorganization of intercellular junctional complexes, which are critical modulators of intestinal intercellular transepithelial transport. Uremia-induced impairment of the gut epithelial barrier integrity induces the systemic translocation of numerous immunogenic substances generated by the aberrant microbiota, followed by the development of oxidative stress and chronic subclinical inflammation that causes the progression of chronic kidney disease and related complications. The most pronounced changes were observed in people with end-stage chronic kidney disease. Further study of the bidirectional relationship between the kidneys and intestinal microbial-tissue complex will contribute to the development of new directions of pathogenetic therapy and prevention of adverse outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease.

The state of the intestinal microbial-tissue complex in patients with chronic kidney disease

Recent achievements in many sciences have led to an understanding of the need to form new ideas about the nature of human relationships with the environment and the inner world, his health, the principles of disease formation and their prevention. There has been a transition from a collection of achievements of various sciences to a holistic paradigm that unites a person as an organism and as a person, his inner and surrounding world. It became obvious that this could not be done within the framework of the previous general theories of medicine. To this end, the authors propose a new theory of medicine: "the theory of noospheric-anthropogenic harmony". From the standpoint of this theory, the mechanisms of the relationship of microbiota and pathogens with the protective and acceptive immunity of a healthy and sick person, as well as the mechanisms of microbiota regulation, are considered. The paradigm of dysbiosis as the cause of many diseases and main homeostatic mechanisms that provide symbiotic relationships of microbiota, immunity and its role in the mechanisms of natural tolerance and formation of various disease, such as, autoimmune ones and tumors, require a change in the acceptedtreatment and prevention. A new approach should be based on using a new class of drugs — metabiotics, which in their term influence microbiota.

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Evgeny I. Tkachenko

Papers

Disease as a result of violations of the symbiotic relationship between the host and the microbiota with pathogens